{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128052182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217","title":"Probability Distribution and Extreme Characteristics of Tree Wind-Induced Responses Under Various Approaching Flow Turbulences","display_name":"Probability Distribution and Extreme Characteristics of Tree Wind-Induced Responses Under Various Approaching Flow Turbulences","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128052182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f17020217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/17/2/217/pdf?version=1770301768","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/17/2/217/pdf?version=1770301768","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026256312","display_name":"Yanfeng Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8538-6285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8538-6285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281178","display_name":"Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03zvfp936","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281178"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfeng Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Architectural Engineering, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, Jinzhong 030619, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Architectural Engineering, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, Jinzhong 030619, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033179261","display_name":"Bin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2862-024X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2862-024X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2862-024X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113091001","display_name":"Xijie Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xijie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125222436","display_name":"Zichun Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281178","display_name":"Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03zvfp936","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281178"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zichun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Architectural Engineering, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, Jinzhong 030619, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Architectural Engineering, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, Jinzhong 030619, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281178"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125162148","display_name":"Yueyue Pan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66883779","display_name":"Weifang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01frp7483","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueyue Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66883779"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033179261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05298957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"217","last_page":"217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.6884999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.6884999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11254","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis","score":0.19850000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-turbulence","display_name":"wind turbulence","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-gaussian-statistics","display_name":"non-Gaussian statistics","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-extreme-value-distribution","display_name":"generalized extreme value distribution","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skewness-and-kurtosis","display_name":"skewness and kurtosis","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-distribution","display_name":"gamma distribution","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lognormal-distribution","display_name":"lognormal distribution","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"leaf area index","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown-displacement","display_name":"crown displacement","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/windbreaks","display_name":"windbreaks","score":0.8840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151620405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826116","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122342681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330828","display_name":"Skewness","level":2,"score":0.5683000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169707849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617240","display_name":"Generalized extreme value distribution","level":3,"score":0.5213000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147581598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729429","display_name":"Extreme value theory","level":2,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18653775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333358","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102094743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133871","display_name":"Normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165216359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670653","display_name":"Marginal distribution","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75007070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2627230","display_name":"Return period","level":3,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173291955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732332","display_name":"Weibull distribution","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18294631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621185","display_name":"Location parameter","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193472","display_name":"Trunk","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91716921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289366","display_name":"Scale parameter","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/f17020217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/17/2/217/pdf?version=1770301768","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f17020217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020217","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/17/2/217/pdf?version=1770301768","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5142999887466431,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5707055926322937,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1192754774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51678233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G148115092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52568072, 52068019, 51678233 and 51908430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6779064803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51908430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8249380686","display_name":"\u70ed\u5e26\u6d77\u5c9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53f0\u98ce\u98ce\u573a\u4e0e\u8584\u819c\u6e29\u5ba4\u7ed3\u6784\u98ce\u6548\u5e94\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"52068019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128052182.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128052182.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trees":[0],"play":[1],"a":[2,41,57,176],"critical":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,56],"urban":[6,192],"ecological":[7],"protection":[8],"and":[9,39,47,72,80,88,104,109,123,144,187,194],"wind":[10,16,59,67,185],"disaster":[11],"mitigation,":[12],"yet":[13],"conventional":[14],"Gaussian-based":[15],"engineering":[17],"models":[18,53],"often":[19],"underestimate":[20],"extreme":[21,165],"tree":[22,36,52,184],"motions":[23],"under":[24,61,149],"turbulent":[25],"flows.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"aims":[29],"to":[30,44,137],"clarify":[31],"the":[32,152,188],"statistical":[33],"characteristics":[34],"of":[35,69,77,84,102,183,190],"wind-induced":[37],"responses":[38,133],"develop":[40],"quantitative":[42],"framework":[43,162],"distinguish":[45],"Gaussian":[46,93,171],"non-Gaussian":[48],"behaviors.":[49],"Scaled":[50],"aeroelastic":[51],"were":[54,90],"tested":[55],"boundary-layer":[58],"tunnel":[60],"controlled":[62],"turbulence":[63],"intensity":[64],"(0.05\u20130.19),":[65],"mean":[66],"speeds":[68],"3.9\u20139.3":[70],"m/s,":[71],"leaf":[73],"area":[74],"index":[75],"(LAI)":[76],"0\u20132.46.":[78],"Acceleration":[79],"displacement":[81],"time":[82],"histories":[83],"branches,":[85],"crown":[86,126],"center,":[87],"trunk":[89,132],"recorded.":[91],"A":[92,159],"discrimination":[94],"criterion":[95],"was":[96],"established":[97],"using":[98],"cumulative":[99],"probability":[100,110],"thresholds":[101],"skewness":[103],"kurtosis,":[105],"supplemented":[106],"by":[107],"time-history":[108],"density":[111],"verification.":[112],"Results":[113],"reveal":[114],"that":[115],"branch":[116],"accelerations":[117],"exhibit":[118],"strong":[119,150],"non-Gaussianity":[120],"with":[121,170],"heavy-tailed":[122],"asymmetric":[124],"distributions,":[125],"displacements":[127],"show":[128],"moderate":[129],"non-Gaussianity,":[130],"while":[131],"remain":[134],"near-Gaussian":[135],"due":[136],"higher":[138],"stiffness.":[139],"Under":[140],"weak":[141],"turbulence,":[142,151],"Gamma":[143],"Lognormal":[145],"distributions":[146],"fit":[147],"best;":[148],"Generalized":[153],"Extreme":[154],"Value":[155],"(GEV)":[156],"distribution":[157],"prevails.":[158],"high-quantile":[160],"GEV-based":[161],"markedly":[163],"reduces":[164],"response":[166],"prediction":[167],"bias":[168],"compared":[169],"assumptions.":[172],"These":[173],"findings":[174],"provide":[175],"probabilistic":[177],"basis":[178],"for":[179],"more":[180],"accurate":[181],"assessment":[182],"stability":[186],"design":[189],"wind-resistant":[191],"vegetation":[193],"shelterbelts.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-02-07T00:00:00"}
