{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127968797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.04525","title":"SLUM-i: Semi-supervised Learning for Urban Mapping of Informal Settlements and Data Quality Benchmarking","display_name":"SLUM-i: Semi-supervised Learning for Urban Mapping of Informal Settlements and Data Quality Benchmarking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127968797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.04525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.04525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04525","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.04525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.04525","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125215785","display_name":"Muhammad Taha Mukhtar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukhtar, Muhammad Taha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125172127","display_name":"Syed Musa Ali Kazmi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazmi, Syed Musa Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116465323","display_name":"Khola Naseem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-2588","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-2588"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naseem, Khola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001025348","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Chattha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-5677","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-5677"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chattha, Muhammad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146809033","display_name":"Andreas Dengel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengel, Andreas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122717796","display_name":"Sheraz Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["DE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed, Sheraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan","Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) , Kaiserslautern , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) , Kaiserslautern , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070860472","display_name":"Muhammad Naseer Bajwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-1056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-1056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bajwa, Muhammad Naseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad , Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159816872","display_name":"Muhammad Imran Malik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik, Muhammad Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.16940000653266907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.02419999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-settlements","display_name":"informal settlements","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-mapping","display_name":"urban cartography","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-semantic-segmentation","display_name":"semi-supervised semantic segmentation","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-high-resolution-imagery","display_name":"very high resolution imagery","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudo-labeling","display_name":"pseudo-labeling","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karachi","display_name":"Karachi","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mumbai","display_name":"Mumbai","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-morphology","display_name":"urban morphology","score":0.515999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6383000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992462627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96382144","display_name":"Informal settlements","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.04525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04525","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.04525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.04525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.04525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.04525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.04525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04525","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.04525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324282","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127968797.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127968797.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164647091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4223438329","https://openalex.org/W4406207748","https://openalex.org/W4416441319","https://openalex.org/W2994879796","https://openalex.org/W7113904571","https://openalex.org/W4294643358","https://openalex.org/W2787972439","https://openalex.org/W2945096295","https://openalex.org/W2915971115","https://openalex.org/W4395703432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Very-high-resolution":[0],"remote-sensing":[1],"imagery":[2],"provides":[3],"a":[4,36,43,56,113],"scalable":[5],"basis":[6],"for":[7],"delineating":[8],"informal":[9],"settlements,":[10],"but":[11],"sparse":[12],"annotations,":[13],"severe":[14],"imbalance":[15],"between":[16,90,98],"informal-settlement":[17],"and":[18,21,27,61,64,93,96,123,136,146,152,155,204],"background":[19],"pixels,":[20],"cross-city":[22,80],"heterogeneity":[23,81],"in":[24,166,174,193],"urban":[25],"morphology":[26],"image--mask":[28,76],"correspondence":[29,89],"complicate":[30],"model":[31,116],"development.":[32],"We":[33,78],"present":[34],"SLUM-i,":[35],"semi-supervised":[37],"semantic":[38],"segmentation":[39],"framework":[40],"together":[41],"with":[42,67],"geographically":[44],"diverse":[45],"seven-city":[46],"Earth":[47],"observation":[48],"benchmark":[49,54],"spanning":[50],"three":[51],"continents.":[52],"The":[53],"combines":[55,106],"newly":[57],"annotated":[58],"Lahore":[59],"dataset":[60],"companion":[62],"Karachi":[63],"Mumbai":[65],"datasets":[66],"four":[68,194],"publicly":[69],"released":[70],"city":[71],"datasets,":[72],"totaling":[73],"14,458":[74],"RGB":[75],"tiles.":[77],"quantify":[79],"using":[82,110,150],"class":[83,132],"composition,":[84],"boundary":[85],"morphology,":[86],"grayscale":[87],"separability,":[88],"mask":[91],"boundaries":[92],"image":[94],"edges,":[95],"divergence":[97],"measured":[99],"feature":[100],"distributions.":[101],"For":[102],"label-efficient":[103],"mapping,":[104],"SLUM-i":[105],"representation-guided":[107],"unlabeled-pool":[108],"curation,":[109],"embeddings":[111],"from":[112],"vision":[114],"foundation":[115],"(DINOv2-Small)":[117],"to":[118],"remove":[119],"the":[120,162,178,181],"least-similar":[121],"tiles,":[122],"Class-Aware":[124],"Adaptive":[125],"Thresholding,":[126],"which":[127],"adapts":[128],"pseudo-label":[129],"acceptance":[130],"by":[131],"through":[133],"global":[134],"mean-confidence":[135],"per-class":[137],"mean-softmax":[138],"exponential":[139],"moving":[140],"averages.":[141],"Experiments":[142],"at":[143],"10%,":[144],"20%,":[145],"30%":[147,179],"label":[148],"budgets,":[149],"convolutional":[151],"vision-transformer":[153],"backbones":[154],"five":[156],"random":[157],"seeds,":[158],"demonstrate":[159],"improvements":[160],"over":[161],"corresponding":[163,188],"UniMatch":[164],"baselines":[165],"multiple":[167],"city--budget":[168],"settings,":[169],"reaching":[170],"+5.9":[171],"percentage":[172],"points":[173],"mean":[175],"intersection-over-union.":[176],"At":[177],"budget,":[180],"ResNet-101":[182],"configuration":[183],"matches":[184],"or":[185],"exceeds":[186],"its":[187],"fully":[189],"labeled":[190],"supervised":[191],"baseline":[192],"of":[195],"seven":[196],"cities.":[197],"Both":[198],"components":[199],"operate":[200],"only":[201],"during":[202],"training":[203],"add":[205],"no":[206],"inference":[207],"overhead.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-02-07T00:00:00"}