{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127911041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity Profile of Fly Ash Geopolymer in Comparison with Conventional Construction Materials: An Experimental Study","display_name":"Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity Profile of Fly Ash Geopolymer in Comparison with Conventional Construction Materials: An Experimental Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127911041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:edpsciences.org:dkey/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.bio-conferences.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.bio-conferences.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400744","display_name":"Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8488066","host_organization_name":"Chiba Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.bio-conferences.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022044709","display_name":"Fatima Zahra Karmil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-1112","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-1112"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125507","display_name":"Chouaib Doukkali University","ror":"https://ror.org/036kgyt43","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Zahra Karmil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University Choua\u00efb Doukkali , P.O. Box 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University Choua\u00efb Doukkali , P.O. Box 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070457877","display_name":"Bouchra Benhniya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9037-5011","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9037-5011"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089144","display_name":"Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)","ror":"https://ror.org/00675rp98","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125507","display_name":"Chouaib Doukkali University","ror":"https://ror.org/036kgyt43","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bouchra Benhniya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Environment-CNRST Labeled Research Unit , Faculty of Sciences , Chouaib Doukkali University , BP 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Environment-CNRST Labeled Research Unit , Faculty of Sciences , Chouaib Doukkali University , BP 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144","https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095040705","display_name":"Fatima Zahra Chajri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-5379","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-5379"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125507","display_name":"Chouaib Doukkali University","ror":"https://ror.org/036kgyt43","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Zahra Chajri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , Faculty of Sciences , University Choua\u00efb Doukkali , P.O. Box 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , Faculty of Sciences , University Choua\u00efb Doukkali , P.O. Box 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026861939","display_name":"Fatima Lakhdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-8580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-8580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089144","display_name":"Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)","ror":"https://ror.org/00675rp98","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125507","display_name":"Chouaib Doukkali University","ror":"https://ror.org/036kgyt43","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Lakhdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Environment-CNRST Labeled Research Unit , Faculty of Sciences , Chouaib Doukkali University , BP 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Environment-CNRST Labeled Research Unit , Faculty of Sciences , Chouaib Doukkali University , BP 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144","https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067002854","display_name":"Jamila Hassoune","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-4900","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-4900"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094767","display_name":"Instituts Sup\u00e9rieurs des Professions Infirmi\u00e8res et Techniques de Sant\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/007h8y788","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094767"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamila Hassoune","raw_affiliation_strings":["Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques , Marrakech-Safi , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques , Marrakech-Safi , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049052970","display_name":"Samira Etahiri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089144","display_name":"Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)","ror":"https://ror.org/00675rp98","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125507","display_name":"Chouaib Doukkali University","ror":"https://ror.org/036kgyt43","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samira Etahiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Environment-CNRST Labeled Research Unit , Faculty of Sciences , Chouaib Doukkali University , BP 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Environment-CNRST Labeled Research Unit , Faculty of Sciences , Chouaib Doukkali University , BP 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089144","https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025194427","display_name":"Hanan El Alaoui-Belghiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-0758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-0758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125507","display_name":"Chouaib Doukkali University","ror":"https://ror.org/036kgyt43","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanan El Alaoui-Belghiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University Choua\u00efb Doukkali , P.O. Box 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , University Choua\u00efb Doukkali , P.O. Box 20 , El Jadida 24000 , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11643","display_name":"Building materials and conservation","score":0.023900000378489494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11672","display_name":"Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fly-ash-geopolymer","display_name":"fly ash geopolymer","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkali-activated-materials","display_name":"alkali-activated materials","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-activity","display_name":"antimicrobial activity","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity","display_name":"toxicity","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brine-shrimp-lethality-test","display_name":"brine shrimp lethality test","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staphylococcus-aureus","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aspergillus-niger","display_name":"Aspergillus niger","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fungal-growth-inhibition","display_name":"fungal growth inhibition","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-fly-ash","display_name":"coal fly ash","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-materials","display_name":"building materials","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aluminosilicate-network","display_name":"aluminosilicate network","score":0.7289999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87343466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236139","display_name":"Fly ash","level":2,"score":0.8375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.6614999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780837464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26462","display_name":"Geopolymer","level":3,"score":0.6291000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45812177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432016","display_name":"Alkalinity","level":2,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781201647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135229","display_name":"Artemia salina","level":3,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781289450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408646","display_name":"Triclosan","level":2,"score":0.44859999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104488531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864212","display_name":"Bioassay","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85704489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429979","display_name":"Aluminosilicate","level":3,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777567952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239729","display_name":"Potassium dichromate","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780104969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774530","display_name":"Antibacterial activity","level":3,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775960407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132014","display_name":"Aspergillus niger","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116263406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299024","display_name":"Acute toxicity","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115346097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412144","display_name":"Ecotoxicology","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107211472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284486","display_name":"Human decontamination","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778959862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009245","display_name":"Genotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46797941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333900","display_name":"Ecotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:edpsciences.org:dkey/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.bio-conferences.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.bio-conferences.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400744","display_name":"Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8488066","host_organization_name":"Chiba Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:edpsciences.org:dkey/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.bio-conferences.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.bio-conferences.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400744","display_name":"Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8488066","host_organization_name":"Chiba Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621502006","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.807699978351593},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.40324580669403076}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127911041.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127911041.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"alkali-activated":[1],"geopolymer":[2],"(GP)":[3],"was":[4,24,66,127,147],"synthesized":[5],"from":[6,160],"coal":[7],"fly":[8,77,167],"ash":[9,78,168],"b":[10],"direct":[11],"template":[12],"and":[13,29,59,73,96,115,144,175],"cured":[14],"at":[15],"60":[16],"\u00b0C":[17],"for":[18,88,93],"24":[19],"h.":[20],"The":[21,39,76,163],"obtained":[22],"GP":[23,79,114,169],"characterized":[25],"by":[26],"XRD,":[27],"FTIR,":[28],"SEM-EDS,":[30],"confirming":[31],"the":[32,110,130],"formation":[33],"of":[34,113,118,139],"an":[35,187],"amorphous":[36],"aluminosilicate":[37],"network.":[38],"biological":[40,179],"activities":[41],"were":[42],"evaluated":[43,128],"compared":[44],"to":[45,109,141],"three":[46],"reference":[47],"construction":[48],"materials:":[49],"ordinary":[50],"Portland":[51],"cement":[52],"mortar":[53],"(OPC),":[54],"fired":[55],"clay":[56],"brick":[57],"(CB),":[58],"vitrified":[60],"ceramic":[61],"tile":[62],"(CT).":[63],"Antimicrobial":[64],"activity":[65,180],"assessed":[67],"against":[68],"Escherichia":[69],"coli,":[70,90],"Staphylococcus":[71],"aureus,":[72],"Aspergillus":[74],"niger.":[75],"revealed":[80],"a":[81,136,171,177,182],"high":[82,111,178],"marked":[83],"inhibition":[84,99],"zones":[85],"(45":[86],"mm":[87,92],"E.":[89],"38":[91],"S.":[94],"aureus)":[95],"100%":[97,152],"fungal":[98],"greater":[100],"than":[101,122],"standard":[102],"antibiotic":[103],"controls.":[104,162],"This":[105],"effect":[106],"is":[107],"attributed":[108],"alkalinity":[112],"ionic":[116],"composition":[117],"its":[119],"leachate,":[120],"rather":[121],"specific":[123],"antimicrobial":[124,173],"agents.":[125],"Toxicity":[126],"using":[129],"Artemia":[131],"salina":[132],"lethality":[133,146],"assay":[134],"across":[135],"concentration":[137],"range":[138],"5":[140],"0.15":[142],"mg/mL,":[143],"zero":[145],"induced.":[148],"Mean":[149],"survival":[150],"remained":[151],"(\u00b1":[153],"0%)":[154],"in":[155,181,191],"triplicate":[156],"assays":[157],"statistically":[158],"indistinguishable":[159],"negative":[161],"study":[164],"proves":[165],"that":[166],"has":[170],"strong":[172],"action":[174],"exhibits":[176],"sensitive":[183],"toxicity":[184],"screen.":[185],"But":[186],"environmental":[188],"assessment":[189],"analysis":[190],"real-world":[192],"applications":[193],"are":[194],"needed.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-02-07T00:00:00"}