{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127904595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.05302","title":"PieArena: Ranking and Profiling Language Agents in Realistic Negotiation Scenarios","display_name":"PieArena: Ranking and Profiling Language Agents in Realistic Negotiation Scenarios","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127904595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.05302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.05302","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05302","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.05302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.05302","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035459705","display_name":"Chris Zhen Gan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-4897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-4897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Chris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Data Science , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Data Science , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123518486","display_name":"Sasha Cui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cui, Sasha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Data Science , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Data Science , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125216089","display_name":"Will Sanok Dufallo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dufallo, Will Sanok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Phi- losophy , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Phi- losophy , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125157925","display_name":"Runzhi Jin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin, Runzhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law , UC Berkeley , Berkeley CA , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law , UC Berkeley , Berkeley CA , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125253146","display_name":"Zhen Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299907687","display_name":"Bloomberg (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdpzb15","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299907687"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Zhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bloomberg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloomberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299907687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101925773","display_name":"Linjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8309-7164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8309-7164"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Linjun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics , Rutgers University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics , Rutgers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093076341","display_name":"Daylian Cain","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cain, Daylian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Manage- ment , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Manage- ment , Yale University , New Haven CT , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11696","display_name":"Conflict Management and Negotiation","score":0.025499999523162842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-negotiation","display_name":"multi-agent negotiation","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-negotiation","display_name":"business negotiation","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking-models","display_name":"ranking models","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"uncertainty quantification","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"deception","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"reputation","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mba-students","display_name":"MBA students","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-mind","display_name":"theory of mind","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-reasoning","display_name":"strategic reasoning","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.8242999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5159000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104185","display_name":"Coaching","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51485801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16966861","display_name":"Efficient frontier","level":3,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115470510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6987443","display_name":"Negotiation theory","level":3,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.05302","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05302","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.05302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.05302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.05302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.05302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.05302","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05302","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.05302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308380","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127904595.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127904595.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106980598","https://openalex.org/W3152175901","https://openalex.org/W4304195432","https://openalex.org/W4377111802","https://openalex.org/W4386437475","https://openalex.org/W4390784301","https://openalex.org/W4393146886","https://openalex.org/W4402670443","https://openalex.org/W4404781718","https://openalex.org/W7029041550","https://openalex.org/W7108944190","https://openalex.org/W7133222210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7029041550","https://openalex.org/W7127962497","https://openalex.org/W4415796769","https://openalex.org/W4415152608","https://openalex.org/W7161338359","https://openalex.org/W6921366255","https://openalex.org/W7166836244","https://openalex.org/W7154920586","https://openalex.org/W4417453620","https://openalex.org/W7171943819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,51,64,84],"present":[1],"an":[2,47],"in-depth":[3],"evaluation":[4,142,173],"of":[5,18,89,172],"LLMs'":[6],"ability":[7],"to":[8],"negotiate,":[9],"a":[10,30,66,128,149],"central":[11],"business":[12,49,123],"task":[13],"requiring":[14],"strategic":[15],"reasoning,":[16],"theory":[17],"mind,":[19],"and":[20,61,93,102,105,117,167],"economic":[21],"value":[22,171],"creation.":[23],"To":[24],"do":[25],"so,":[26],"we":[27,114],"introduce":[28],"PieArena,":[29],"large-scale":[31],"negotiation":[32,44,71,119],"benchmark":[33],"grounded":[34],"in":[35,140,157],"multi-agent":[36],"interactions":[37],"over":[38],"realistic":[39],"scenarios":[40],"adapted":[41],"from":[42,121],"MBA":[43],"courses":[45],"at":[46],"elite":[48],"school.":[50],"evaluate":[52],"language":[53,131],"agents":[54],"across":[55],"three":[56],"pairing":[57],"regimes:":[58],"mirror-play,":[59],"cross-play,":[60],"human-LM":[62,118],"play.":[63],"develop":[65],"ranking":[67],"model":[68],"for":[69,80,100,108],"continuous":[70],"payoffs":[72],"that":[73,127,153],"yields":[74],"order-invariant,":[75],"uncertainty-quantified":[76],"leaderboards":[77],"while":[78],"correcting":[79],"systematic":[81],"experimental":[82],"asymmetries.":[83],"further":[85],"study":[86],"the":[87,170],"effects":[88],"joint-intentionality":[90],"agentic":[91],"scaffolding":[92],"find":[94],"asymmetric":[95],"gains,":[96],"with":[97],"large":[98],"improvements":[99],"mid-":[101],"lower-tier":[103],"LMs":[104],"diminishing":[106],"returns":[107],"frontier":[109,130],"LMs.":[110],"As":[111],"calibration":[112],"anchors,":[113],"collect":[115],"human-human":[116],"data":[120],"trained":[122],"school":[124],"students,":[125],"finding":[126],"representative":[129],"agent":[132],"(GPT-5)":[133],"matches":[134],"or":[135],"exceeds":[136],"this":[137],"human":[138],"baseline":[139],"our":[141],"settings.":[143],"Beyond":[144],"deal":[145],"outcomes,":[146],"PieArena":[147],"provides":[148],"multi-dimensional":[150],"behavioral":[151],"profile":[152],"reveals":[154],"cross-model":[155],"heterogeneity":[156],"instruction":[158],"compliance,":[159],"computation":[160],"accuracy,":[161],"as":[162,164],"well":[163],"judge-assessed":[165],"deception":[166],"reputation,":[168],"illustrating":[169],"beyond":[174],"outcome-only":[175],"leaderboards.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-02-07T00:00:00"}
