{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127600611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019","title":"A Review of Process-Based Landform Evolution Models for Evaluating the Erosional Stability of Constructed Post-Mining Landscapes","display_name":"A Review of Process-Based Landform Evolution Models for Evaluating the Erosional Stability of Constructed Post-Mining Landscapes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127600611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/earth7010019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/7/1/19/pdf?version=1770191609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215648","display_name":"Earth","issn_l":"2673-4834","issn":["2673-4834"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/7/1/19/pdf?version=1770191609","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052046158","display_name":"I.P. Senanayake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-8176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-8176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Indishe P. Senanayake","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-8176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111452817","display_name":"Gregory R. Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-1265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-1265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory R. Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-1265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064852708","display_name":"Tom J. Coulthard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-0442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-0442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Coulthard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BX, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-0442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052046158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1448},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1448},"fwci":19.1193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99246066,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.7304999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.7304999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.22089999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10965","display_name":"Geological formations and processes","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/siberia","display_name":"Siberia","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caesar-lisflood","display_name":"CAESAR-Lisflood","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"digital elevation model","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hillslope-erosion","display_name":"hillslope erosion","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sediment-transport","display_name":"sediment transport","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-parameterization","display_name":"model parameterization","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar-dem","display_name":"LiDAR DEM","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-index","display_name":"vegetation indices","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mine-closure-planning","display_name":"mine closure planning","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108497213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271669","display_name":"Landform","level":2,"score":0.9577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.7470999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.7059000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112959462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434465","display_name":"Fluvial","level":3,"score":0.619700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5620999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126197015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586683","display_name":"Hydrological modelling","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992428861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361400","display_name":"Gully erosion","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184149073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965136","display_name":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/earth7010019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/7/1/19/pdf?version=1770191609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215648","display_name":"Earth","issn_l":"2673-4834","issn":["2673-4834"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:643982","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-8176","pdf_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/643982/1/earth-07-00019-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9938b5c80a4d4cd3ab61c8af2adbdb76","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9938b5c80a4d4cd3ab61c8af2adbdb76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Earth, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 19 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/32556840","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_Review_of_Process-Based_Landform_Evolution_Models_for_Evaluating_the_Erosional_Stability_of_Constructed_Post-Mining_Landscapes/32556840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/earth7010019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7010019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/7/1/19/pdf?version=1770191609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215648","display_name":"Earth","issn_l":"2673-4834","issn":["2673-4834"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Earth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7605999708175659,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4943391978740692,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1087029630","display_name":"A next generation spatially distributed model for soil profile dynamics and paedogenesis incorporating soil geochemistry and organic matter","funder_award_id":"DP110101216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G418572679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C34025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310739","funder_display_name":"Australian Coal Research Limited"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5018465445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C27042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320522","funder_display_name":"Australian Coal Industry\u2019s Research Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5669844717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C27042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310739","funder_display_name":"Australian Coal Research Limited"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7784791343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C34025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320522","funder_display_name":"Australian Coal Industry\u2019s Research Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310739","display_name":"Australian Coal Research Limited","ror":"https://ror.org/00ygteq35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320522","display_name":"Australian Coal Industry\u2019s Research Program","ror":"https://ror.org/00ygteq35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127600611.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127600611.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"landform":[1,33,65,201],"evolution":[2],"is":[3,24,40,159],"essential":[4],"for":[5,42,63,187],"assessing":[6,64],"how":[7,163],"terrain":[8],"responds":[9],"to":[10,48,92,161,197],"geomorphic":[11],"drivers":[12],"such":[13,29],"as":[14,30,203,205],"weathering,":[15],"fluvial":[16],"erosion,":[17,146],"hillslope":[18],"processes,":[19],"and":[20,59,86,118,134,137,148,180,191],"tectonic":[21],"uplift.":[22],"This":[23,67,174],"particularly":[25],"important":[26],"in":[27,110,123,193],"applications":[28],"constructed":[31,98],"post-mining":[32,99,200],"rehabilitation,":[34],"where":[35],"predicting":[36],"long-term":[37,49],"erosional":[38,95,168],"stability":[39],"vital":[41],"sustainable":[43,199],"closure":[44],"planning.":[45],"In":[46],"addition":[47],"average":[50],"erosion":[51],"rates,":[52],"the":[53,94,143,152,177],"spatial":[54],"patterns":[55],"of":[56,97,112,145,151,182],"gullies,":[57],"rills,":[58],"channels":[60],"are":[61,89,107],"critical":[62],"stability.":[66],"review":[68,175],"examines":[69],"Digital":[70],"Elevation":[71],"Model":[72],"(DEM)\u2014driven,":[73],"process-based":[74],"Landform":[75],"Evolution":[76],"Models":[77],"(LEMs),":[78],"with":[79,102,131],"a":[80,171],"primary":[81],"focus":[82],"on":[83],"SIBERIA,":[84],"CAESAR-Lisflood,":[85],"SSSPAM,":[87],"which":[88],"widely":[90],"used":[91],"evaluate":[93],"behaviour":[96,169],"landforms,":[100],"each":[101],"distinct":[103],"characteristics.":[104],"These":[105],"models":[106,196],"systematically":[108],"compared":[109],"terms":[111],"input":[113],"requirements,":[114],"process":[115],"representations,":[116],"parameterisation,":[117],"predictive":[119],"capabilities.":[120],"Recent":[121],"advances":[122],"high-spatial":[124],"resolution":[125],"DEMs":[126],"(e.g.,":[127],"LiDAR,":[128],"SRTM),":[129],"along":[130,170],"digital":[132],"soil":[133],"rainfall":[135],"databases":[136],"satellite-derived":[138],"vegetation":[139],"indices,":[140],"have":[141],"improved":[142],"parameterisation":[144],"hydrological,":[147],"sediment-transport":[149],"processes":[150],"LEMs.":[153],"A":[154],"brief":[155],"comparative":[156],"case":[157],"study":[158],"presented":[160],"demonstrate":[162],"these":[164],"LEMs":[165],"simulate":[166],"1000-year":[167],"linear":[172],"hillslope.":[173],"synthesises":[176],"current":[178],"capabilities":[179],"limitations":[181],"DEM-driven":[183],"LEMs,":[184],"providing":[185],"guidance":[186],"researchers,":[188],"land":[189],"managers,":[190],"practitioners":[192],"selecting":[194],"appropriate":[195],"support":[198],"management,":[202],"well":[204],"outlining":[206],"potential":[207],"future":[208],"advancements.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}
