{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127570053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","title":"Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Gallic Acid: Mechanistic Insights into the Management of Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review","display_name":"Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Gallic Acid: Mechanistic Insights into the Management of Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127570053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41683956"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27031536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/3/1536/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/3/1536/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125097184","display_name":"Hajed Obaid A. Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4566-2932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4566-2932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hajed Obaid A. Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4566-2932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089070829","display_name":"Tarique Sarwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-220X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-220X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarique Sarwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-220X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082284202","display_name":"Arshad Husain Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1391"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arshad Husain Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082284202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":19.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":"1536","last_page":"1536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10035","display_name":"Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10035","display_name":"Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13817","display_name":"Tannin, Tannase and Anticancer Activities","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14521","display_name":"Medicinal Plant Research","score":0.019600000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gallic-acid","display_name":"gallic acid","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyphenols","display_name":"polyphenols","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-inflammatory-activity","display_name":"anti-inflammatory activity","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-activity","display_name":"antioxidant activity","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antidiabetic-effect","display_name":"antidiabetic effect","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-obesity-effect","display_name":"anti-obesity","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatoprotective-effect","display_name":"hepatoprotection","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardioprotection","display_name":"cardioprotection","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroprotection","display_name":"neuroprotection","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-activity","display_name":"antimicrobial activity","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiofilm-activity","display_name":"antibiofilm activity","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efflux-pump-inhibition","display_name":"efflux pump inhibition","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-pathways","display_name":"cancer pathways","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-synergy","display_name":"drug synergy","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoformulations","display_name":"nanoformulations","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioavailability","display_name":"bioavailability","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity","display_name":"toxicity","score":0.7089999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.5539000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25498285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981368","display_name":"Neuroprotection","level":2,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140608501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318358","display_name":"Review article","level":2,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375837","display_name":"Gallic acid","level":3,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018122547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690813","display_name":"Health benefits","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200082930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22327148","display_name":"Efflux","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988867146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Human disease","level":3,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780234812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1787013","display_name":"Cancer prevention","level":3,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983331546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer therapy","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000893","descriptor_name":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27031536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/3/1536/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41683956","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41683956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of molecular sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11704828","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12897688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12897688","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12897688/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Mol Sci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27031536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/3/1536/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7668203115463257,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127570053.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127570053.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":211,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487011154","https://openalex.org/W1520696705","https://openalex.org/W1555574479","https://openalex.org/W1835758271","https://openalex.org/W1851361856","https://openalex.org/W1914679235","https://openalex.org/W1927650744","https://openalex.org/W1965598402","https://openalex.org/W1969022156","https://openalex.org/W1974286576","https://openalex.org/W1976748629","https://openalex.org/W1977299061","https://openalex.org/W1977941415","https://openalex.org/W1980315651","https://openalex.org/W1984145279","https://openalex.org/W1987385733","https://openalex.org/W2008221943","https://openalex.org/W2013920162","https://openalex.org/W2014666687","https://openalex.org/W2022676475","https://openalex.org/W2023356629","https://openalex.org/W2025438351","https://openalex.org/W2025682006","https://openalex.org/W2029442922","https://openalex.org/W2037615866","https://openalex.org/W2039535499","https://openalex.org/W2039860107","https://openalex.org/W2045453649","https://openalex.org/W2046341315","https://openalex.org/W2047144941","https://openalex.org/W2052716750","https://openalex.org/W2054418646","https://openalex.org/W2062187201","https://openalex.org/W2066774498","https://openalex.org/W2069379444","https://openalex.org/W2075000666","https://openalex.org/W2077230627","https://openalex.org/W2082986990","https://openalex.org/W2085748209","https://openalex.org/W2093027401","https://openalex.org/W2101861123","https://openalex.org/W2103515366","https://openalex.org/W2111381838","https://openalex.org/W2118074210","https://openalex.org/W2118436847","https://openalex.org/W2122717487","https://openalex.org/W2129272640","https://openalex.org/W2137074431","https://openalex.org/W2146838908","https://openalex.org/W2149642592","https://openalex.org/W2152352541","https://openalex.org/W2152380840","https://openalex.org/W2159343890","https://openalex.org/W2162092846","https://openalex.org/W2163430665","https://openalex.org/W2168389275","https://openalex.org/W2195094750","https://openalex.org/W2199498591","https://openalex.org/W2299652449","https://openalex.org/W2311704237","https://openalex.org/W2338138720","https://openalex.org/W2470371245","https://openalex.org/W2486467989","https://openalex.org/W2514833774","https://openalex.org/W2520458856","https://openalex.org/W2563399367","https://openalex.org/W2600689296","https://openalex.org/W2603177110","https://openalex.org/W2615197525","https://openalex.org/W2621034172","https://openalex.org/W2622666676","https://openalex.org/W2735501704","https://openalex.org/W2760896698","https://openalex.org/W2770929530","https://openalex.org/W2777971517","https://openalex.org/W2779639544","https://openalex.org/W2783228635","https://openalex.org/W2787041871","https://openalex.org/W2794689737","https://openalex.org/W2796470371","https://openalex.org/W2797062955","https://openalex.org/W2801953588","https://openalex.org/W2803431181","https://openalex.org/W2810625234","https://openalex.org/W2836116029","https://openalex.org/W2866142611","https://openalex.org/W2890759305","https://openalex.org/W2891119104","https://openalex.org/W2891730801","https://openalex.org/W2896053285","https://openalex.org/W2899386958","https://openalex.org/W2900887358","https://openalex.org/W2904377105","https://openalex.org/W2905221516","https://openalex.org/W2905306355","https://openalex.org/W2907631424","https://openalex.org/W2910429314","https://openalex.org/W2920821891","https://openalex.org/W2924811931","https://openalex.org/W2926830849","https://openalex.org/W2932125976","https://openalex.org/W2942345351","https://openalex.org/W2942907751","https://openalex.org/W2953569134","https://openalex.org/W2954901353","https://openalex.org/W2959557731","https://openalex.org/W2969291614","https://openalex.org/W2980490097","https://openalex.org/W2980686126","https://openalex.org/W2986883464","https://openalex.org/W2994922367","https://openalex.org/W2996201711","https://openalex.org/W3004505770","https://openalex.org/W3007781234","https://openalex.org/W3007981196","https://openalex.org/W3009060576","https://openalex.org/W3010490013","https://openalex.org/W3012142863","https://openalex.org/W3012358187","https://openalex.org/W3016714654","https://openalex.org/W3031431602","https://openalex.org/W3033606823","https://openalex.org/W3041535380","https://openalex.org/W3044688449","https://openalex.org/W3046373153","https://openalex.org/W3047439500","https://openalex.org/W3072345956","https://openalex.org/W3081535596","https://openalex.org/W3085925907","https://openalex.org/W3090945986","https://openalex.org/W3091632921","https://openalex.org/W3104682194","https://openalex.org/W3106125810","https://openalex.org/W3109746568","https://openalex.org/W3114307722","https://openalex.org/W3117938686","https://openalex.org/W3119027505","https://openalex.org/W3124818069","https://openalex.org/W3129128080","https://openalex.org/W3131376418","https://openalex.org/W3134776594","https://openalex.org/W3140584004","https://openalex.org/W3152598664","https://openalex.org/W3154932556","https://openalex.org/W3163975710","https://openalex.org/W3164101268","https://openalex.org/W3164274207","https://openalex.org/W3176815218","https://openalex.org/W3178652270","https://openalex.org/W3181618162","https://openalex.org/W3197886992","https://openalex.org/W3201685527","https://openalex.org/W3203958517","https://openalex.org/W3210280155","https://openalex.org/W4205389315","https://openalex.org/W4206427685","https://openalex.org/W4212799767","https://openalex.org/W4213452062","https://openalex.org/W4220668510","https://openalex.org/W4220782297","https://openalex.org/W4247878364","https://openalex.org/W4252406065","https://openalex.org/W4281675247","https://openalex.org/W4283383070","https://openalex.org/W4283820763","https://openalex.org/W4294969120","https://openalex.org/W4297499632","https://openalex.org/W4298001776","https://openalex.org/W4303578991","https://openalex.org/W4304633205","https://openalex.org/W4304890542","https://openalex.org/W4306932530","https://openalex.org/W4308616463","https://openalex.org/W4309279832","https://openalex.org/W4312188207","https://openalex.org/W4313312099","https://openalex.org/W4316465090","https://openalex.org/W4317910561","https://openalex.org/W4318337974","https://openalex.org/W4321114788","https://openalex.org/W4322768759","https://openalex.org/W4360863486","https://openalex.org/W4366393709","https://openalex.org/W4367555513","https://openalex.org/W4379517361","https://openalex.org/W4379746199","https://openalex.org/W4382136113","https://openalex.org/W4385566510","https://openalex.org/W4387033912","https://openalex.org/W4387706370","https://openalex.org/W4388933637","https://openalex.org/W4389011082","https://openalex.org/W4390448806","https://openalex.org/W4390726995","https://openalex.org/W4391378541","https://openalex.org/W4391513218","https://openalex.org/W4391534397","https://openalex.org/W4392768494","https://openalex.org/W4395675479","https://openalex.org/W4400497349","https://openalex.org/W4401378491","https://openalex.org/W4401934846","https://openalex.org/W4402067186","https://openalex.org/W4403822623","https://openalex.org/W4403892461","https://openalex.org/W4405088014","https://openalex.org/W4406128973","https://openalex.org/W4406618921","https://openalex.org/W4408682767","https://openalex.org/W4414517824","https://openalex.org/W7117148897"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gallic":[0],"acid":[1],"(GA)":[2],"is":[3,91,99,187],"a":[4,10,38,122,190],"natural":[5],"polyphenol":[6],"abundantly":[7],"found":[8],"in":[9,41,143,163,216,251],"variety":[11],"of":[12,53,62,107,112,126,141,149,159,185,192,201,204,230,235,248],"fruits,":[13],"including":[14],"blackberries,":[15],"apples,":[16],"pineapples,":[17],"strawberries,":[18],"bananas,":[19],"and":[20,25,32,46,73,83,115,168,197,206,219,232,237,254],"grapes.":[21],"With":[22],"prominent":[23],"anti-inflammatory":[24],"antioxidant":[26],"properties,":[27],"GA":[28,127,142,160,186],"effectively":[29],"mitigates":[30],"inflammation":[31],"oxidative":[33],"stress.":[34],"Furthermore,":[35],"it":[36,154],"plays":[37],"significant":[39,179],"role":[40,66,95,140],"modulating":[42],"various":[43,134],"cellular":[44],"processes":[45],"biological":[47],"activities,":[48],"ultimately":[49],"inhibiting":[50],"the":[51,58,80,139,147,156,182,245],"progression":[52],"pathogenesis.":[54,135],"This":[55],"review":[56,120],"explores":[57],"multifaceted":[59],"health":[60],"benefits":[61,250],"GA,":[63],"highlighting":[64],"its":[65,77,88,94,130,174,202],"as":[67,96,105],"antidiabetic,":[68],"anti-obesity,":[69],"anti-arthritis,":[70],"hepatoprotective,":[71],"cardioprotective,":[72],"neuroprotective":[74],"effects.":[75],"Additionally,":[76,93],"impact":[78],"on":[79],"respiratory,":[81],"digestive,":[82],"reproductive":[84],"systems,":[85],"along":[86],"with":[87,165],"related":[89],"pathogenesis,":[90],"described.":[92],"an":[97,198],"antimicrobial":[98],"defined":[100],"primarily":[101],"through":[102],"mechanisms":[103,203,229],"such":[104],"disruption":[106],"microbial":[108],"cell":[109],"membranes,":[110],"inhibition":[111],"efflux":[113],"pumps,":[114],"antibiofilm":[116],"activity.":[117],"Moreover,":[118],"this":[119],"provides":[121],"novel,":[123],"integrative":[124],"analysis":[125],"by":[128,189],"unifying":[129],"mechanistic":[131],"roles":[132],"across":[133],"It":[136],"further":[137],"describes":[138],"cancer":[144],"management":[145],"via":[146],"modulation":[148],"signaling":[150],"pathways.":[151],"In":[152],"addition,":[153],"demonstrates":[155],"synergistic":[157],"effects":[158],"when":[161],"used":[162],"combination":[164],"other":[166],"drugs/compounds":[167],"discusses":[169],"nanoformulation":[170,221],"approaches":[171,222],"that":[172],"improve":[173],"therapeutic":[175],"efficacy.":[176],"However,":[177],"despite":[178],"preclinical":[180],"outcomes,":[181],"clinical":[183,214],"application":[184],"limited":[188],"shortage":[191],"human":[193],"trials,":[194,215],"low":[195],"bioavailability,":[196,227],"inadequate":[199],"understanding":[200],"action":[205],"optimal":[207],"dosage.":[208],"To":[209],"overcome":[210],"these":[211,241],"limitations,":[212],"well-designed":[213],"vivo":[217],"studies,":[218],"advanced":[220],"are":[223],"required":[224],"to":[225],"enhance":[226],"elucidate":[228],"action,":[231],"increase":[233],"knowledge":[234],"safety":[236],"long-term":[238],"toxicity.":[239],"Addressing":[240],"gaps":[242],"will":[243],"enable":[244],"full":[246],"exploration":[247],"GA's":[249],"disease":[252],"prevention":[253],"management.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}