{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127366299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","title":"Glaucoma Risk with Metformin and Sulfonylurea Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study","display_name":"Glaucoma Risk with Metformin and Sulfonylurea Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127366299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/opth.s545641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/111637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105513329","display_name":"Clinical ophthalmology","issn_l":"1177-5467","issn":["1177-5467","1177-5483"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/111637","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124970452","display_name":"Jared Lim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124934862","display_name":"Jingru Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-565X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-565X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingru Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124916159","display_name":"Hulin Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hulin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ziqi Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026136104","display_name":"David U. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-7532","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-7532"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"],"apc_list":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"apc_paid":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05134234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"Volume 20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13467","display_name":"Drug-Induced Ocular Toxicity","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"glaucoma","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin","display_name":"metformin","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfonylureas","display_name":"sulfonylureas","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antidiabetic-drugs","display_name":"antidiabetic drugs","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma-risk","display_name":"glaucoma risk","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin-monotherapy","display_name":"metformin monotherapy","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combination-therapy","display_name":"combination therapy","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-causality","display_name":"reverse causality","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding-by-indication","display_name":"confounding by indication","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-bias","display_name":"detection bias","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety","display_name":"drug safety","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propensity-score-matching","display_name":"propensity score matching","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cox-proportional-hazards-model","display_name":"Cox proportional hazards model","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9430999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484","display_name":"Metformin","level":3,"score":0.8956000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6933000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17923572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160","display_name":"Propensity score matching","level":2,"score":0.6919000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.6784999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.6383000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207103383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246","display_name":"Hazard ratio","level":3,"score":0.5722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778854520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418776","display_name":"Sulfonylurea","level":3,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776999253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304270","display_name":"Combination therapy","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779668873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693756","display_name":"Lower risk","level":3,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776766258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5567291","display_name":"Glaucoma surgery","level":3,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.26489999890327454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2147/opth.s545641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/111637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105513329","display_name":"Clinical ophthalmology","issn_l":"1177-5467","issn":["1177-5467","1177-5483"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41891096","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13016381","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891096/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13016381/pdf/OPTH-20-545641.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Clin Ophthalmol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu:uthmed_docs-4840","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/uthmed_docs/3932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196655","display_name":"Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1337852284","host_organization_name":"Texas Medical Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1337852284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty, Staff and Student Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dovepress.com/111637","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/glaucoma-risk-with-metformin-and-sulfonylurea-therapies-in-type-2-diab-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401012","display_name":"Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/opth.s545641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s545641","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/111637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105513329","display_name":"Clinical ophthalmology","issn_l":"1177-5467","issn":["1177-5467","1177-5483"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6700805425643921}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313675","display_name":"University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127366299.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127366299.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65627649","https://openalex.org/W1496419775","https://openalex.org/W1581391957","https://openalex.org/W2000807195","https://openalex.org/W2006836104","https://openalex.org/W2010238890","https://openalex.org/W2011172716","https://openalex.org/W2026499159","https://openalex.org/W2034742711","https://openalex.org/W2099552063","https://openalex.org/W2134907909","https://openalex.org/W2148755064","https://openalex.org/W2576460638","https://openalex.org/W2743010525","https://openalex.org/W2888570419","https://openalex.org/W3174825856","https://openalex.org/W3195035490","https://openalex.org/W3209638712","https://openalex.org/W4233007762","https://openalex.org/W4280603565","https://openalex.org/W4313544998","https://openalex.org/W4384924887","https://openalex.org/W4391530162","https://openalex.org/W4401853193","https://openalex.org/W4406602151","https://openalex.org/W4410401500"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Research":[1],"on":[2,196],"metformin,":[3],"sulfonylureas,":[4],"and":[5,26,43,60,114,146,170,212,256,265],"open-angle":[6],"glaucoma":[7,27,88,121,172,194,210],"risk":[8],"in":[9],"type":[10],"2":[11],"diabetes":[12,168],"mellitus":[13],"(T2DM)":[14],"has":[15],"yielded":[16],"inconsistent":[17],"findings.":[18],"This":[19,162],"study":[20,164],"examined":[21],"associations":[22,166],"between":[23,143,167],"hypoglycemic":[24],"treatments":[25],"diagnosis":[28,89,122,173],"rates.":[29],"Methods:":[30],"Therapeutic":[31],"Dataset":[32],"(2010-2022),":[33],"comparing":[34],"three":[35],"groups:":[36],"metformin":[37,41,79,115,147,188,220],"monotherapy,":[38],"sulfonylureas":[39,113],"plus":[40],"combination,":[42],"untreated":[44],"controls.":[45],"Propensity":[46],"score":[47,77],"matching":[48],"balanced":[49],"demographics,":[50],"glycemic":[51],"control,":[52],"body":[53],"mass":[54],"index,":[55],"blood":[56],"pressure,":[57],"lipid":[58],"levels,":[59],"comorbidities.":[61],"Cox":[62],"proportional":[63],"hazards":[64],"models":[65],"calculated":[66],"adjusted":[67,101,134],"hazard":[68],"ratios":[69],"for":[70,251],"incident":[71],"glaucoma.":[72],"Results:":[73],"After":[74],"1:1":[75],"propensity":[76],"matching,":[78],"monotherapy":[80,148,221],"(N=100,387)":[81],"showed":[82],"a":[83],"non-significant":[84,219],"trend":[85],"toward":[86],"higher":[87,120,209],"rates":[90,123,174],"compared":[91],"to":[92,125,189,261],"matched":[93,126],"controls":[94,127],"(HR":[95,128],"1.106,":[96],"95%":[97,104,130,137,157],"CI":[98,105,131,138,158],"1.014-1.207,":[99],"p=0.023;":[100],"HR":[102,135,155],"1.076,":[103],"0.995-1.163,":[106],"p=0.067).":[107],"Patients":[108],"receiving":[109],"combination":[110,144,235],"therapy":[111,145,236],"with":[112,192,225],"(N=38,692)":[116],"demonstrated":[117],"statistically":[118,233],"significantly":[119],"relative":[124],"1.235,":[129],"1.077-1.417,":[132],"p=0.002;":[133],"1.194,":[136],"1.075-1.326,":[139],"p=0.001).":[140],"Direct":[141],"comparison":[142],"did":[149],"not":[150,242],"reach":[151],"statistical":[152],"significance":[153],"(adjusted":[154],"1.084,":[156],"0.973-1.207,":[159],"p=0.144).":[160],"Conclusion:":[161],"observational":[163],"found":[165],"medications":[169],"increased":[171],"but":[175],"cannot":[176],"establish":[177],"causality.":[178],"Multiple":[179],"competing":[180],"explanations":[181,264],"exist:":[182],"reverse":[183],"causation":[184],"(clinicians":[185],"preferentially":[186],"prescribing":[187],"diabetic":[190],"patients":[191,204],"emerging":[193],"based":[195],"prior":[197],"protective":[198],"literature),":[199],"confounding":[200],"by":[201],"indication":[202,258],"(sicker":[203],"requiring":[205],"medication":[206],"having":[207],"inherently":[208],"risk),":[211],"detection":[213],"bias":[214],"(differential":[215],"surveillance":[216,254],"patterns).":[217],"The":[218],"finding":[222],"(p=0.067)":[223],"aligns":[224],"recent":[226],"meta-analyses":[227],"showing":[228],"no":[229],"association.":[230],"While":[231],"the":[232],"significant":[234],"association":[237],"warrants":[238],"investigation,":[239],"it":[240],"should":[241],"be":[243],"interpreted":[244],"as":[245],"definitive":[246],"causation.":[247],"Prospective":[248],"studies":[249],"controlling":[250],"disease":[252],"severity,":[253],"patterns,":[255],"treatment":[257],"are":[259],"needed":[260],"disentangle":[262],"these":[263],"inform":[266],"clinical":[267],"practice.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}
