{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127282249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","title":"Differential pathlength factor model for near-infrared diffuse optical imaging","display_name":"Differential pathlength factor model for near-infrared diffuse optical imaging","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127282249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42687887","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13532703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/boe.601705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104118869","display_name":"Biomedical Optics Express","issn_l":"2156-7085","issn":["2156-7085"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116719481","display_name":"Kaiser Niknam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-725X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-725X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiser Niknam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-725X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067375777","display_name":"Mannu Bardhan Paul","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mannu Bardhan Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061814059","display_name":"Mini Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6591-4768","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6591-4768"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mini Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA","Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061814059"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"],"apc_list":{"value":1913,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1913},"apc_paid":{"value":1913,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1913},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05673712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"5261","last_page":"5261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-beer-lambert-law","display_name":"modified Beer-Lambert law","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-photon-transport","display_name":"Monte Carlo photon transport","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-optical-properties","display_name":"tissue optical properties","score":0.33799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145417883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275421","display_name":"Diffuse optical imaging","level":3,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43571822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599037","display_name":"Near-infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95930237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14506045","display_name":"Optical phenomena","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82261727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154504","display_name":"Diffuse reflection","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/boe.601705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104118869","display_name":"Biomedical Optics Express","issn_l":"2156-7085","issn":["2156-7085"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1364/opticaopen.31993923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31993923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/opticaopen.31993923","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Optica Open","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13532703","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13532703/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13532703/pdf/nihpp-2602.00283v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13671702","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42890448/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13671702/pdf/boe-17-10-5261.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomed Opt Express","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42687887","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42687887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmid:42890448","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42890448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.00283","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00283","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.00283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.00283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.00283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.00283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/boe.601705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.601705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104118869","display_name":"Biomedical Optics Express","issn_l":"2156-7085","issn":["2156-7085"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G582745713","display_name":"Development of Spectral Phase Contrast Micro-CT","funder_award_id":"R01EB029761","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309549","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/040vwpm13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154076331","https://openalex.org/W2277244328","https://openalex.org/W1956491619","https://openalex.org/W2032215318","https://openalex.org/W1887566604","https://openalex.org/W2168226253","https://openalex.org/W1991748501","https://openalex.org/W4316465694","https://openalex.org/W2013879026","https://openalex.org/W2113045550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous-wave":[0],"near-infrared":[1],"diffuse":[2],"optical":[3,73],"imaging":[4],"relies":[5],"on":[6],"accurate":[7],"differential":[8],"pathlength":[9],"factors":[10],"(DPFs)":[11],"for":[12],"quantitative":[13,94],"chromophore":[14],"estimation.":[15],"Existing":[16],"DPF":[17,42],"definitions":[18],"inherit":[19],"formulation-dependent":[20],"limitations":[21],"that":[22],"can":[23,78],"introduce":[24],"large":[25],"errors":[26,68],"in":[27,96],"modified":[28],"Beer\u2013Lambert":[29],"law":[30],"analyses.":[31],"Using":[32],"Monte":[33],"Carlo":[34],"simulations,":[35],"we":[36,50],"derive":[37],"two":[38],"distance-":[39],"and":[40,45],"property-dependent":[41],"models\u2014one":[43],"ideal":[44],"the":[46],"other":[47],"experimentally":[48],"practicalhich":[49],"label":[51],"as":[52],"our":[53],"new":[54],"Inversedistance":[55],"Model":[56],"here).":[57],"We":[58],"benchmark":[59],"them":[60],"against":[61],"existing":[62],"formulations.":[63],"The":[64,82],"proposed":[65],"models":[66],"achieve":[67],"below":[69],"15%":[70],"across":[71],"broad":[72],"conditions,":[74],"whereas":[75],"conventional":[76],"DPFs":[77],"exceed":[79],"100%":[80],"error.":[81],"theoretical":[83],"predictions":[84],"are":[85],"further":[86],"validated":[87],"using":[88],"controlled":[89],"phantom":[90],"experiments,":[91],"demonstrating":[92],"improved":[93],"accuracy":[95],"CW-NIR":[97],"imaging.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}
