{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127092305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","title":"Scalable Phase\u2010Field Implementation of Crack Evolution (SPICE) for Modeling Surface Crevasse Growth and Interaction in Glaciers","display_name":"Scalable Phase\u2010Field Implementation of Crack Evolution (SPICE) for Modeling Surface Crevasse Growth and Interaction in Glaciers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127092305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026ms005786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185824406","display_name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","issn_l":"1942-2466","issn":["1942-2466"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101740653","display_name":"Abhinav Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-5822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-5822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhinav Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111242155","display_name":"Duc Tien Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6259-7176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6259-7176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duc Tien Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048883754","display_name":"Ravindra Duddu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-0247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-0247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravindra Duddu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA","Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-0247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Vanderbilt University  Nashville TN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030404583","display_name":"Meghana Ranganathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-4775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-4775"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meghana Ranganathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geophysical Sciences The University of Chicago  Chicago IL USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-4775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geophysical Sciences The University of Chicago  Chicago IL USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025160103","display_name":"Alexander A. Robel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4520-0105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4520-0105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Robel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4520-0105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2650},"apc_paid":{"value":2650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2650},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06678461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.8852999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.8852999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10514","display_name":"Numerical methods in engineering","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11087","display_name":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-field-modeling","display_name":"phase-field simulation","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crack-evolution","display_name":"crack development","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-mechanics","display_name":"fracture mechanics","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-fracture","display_name":"ice fracture","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spices","display_name":"spices","score":0.45100000500679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778744917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862193","display_name":"Crevasse","level":2,"score":0.9271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6248999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100834320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35666","display_name":"Glacier","level":2,"score":0.5353999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019945712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2","display_name":"Earth surface","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026ms005786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185824406","display_name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","issn_l":"1942-2466","issn":["1942-2466"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18435068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18435068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18435068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Software"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18435069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18435069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18435069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22804227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22804227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22804227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Software"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2026ms005786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026ms005786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185824406","display_name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","issn_l":"1942-2466","issn":["1942-2466"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4545293609","display_name":"Collaborative Research: GEO OSE Track 1: Advanced cloud-based Data- and Visualization-Integrated Simulation EnviRonment (ADVISER) to Advance Computational Glaciology","funder_award_id":"2324735","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5024702978","display_name":"CAREER: Fracture Mechanics of Antarctic Ice Shelves and Glaciers - Representing Iceberg Calving in Ice Sheet Models and Developing Cyberlearning Tools for Outreach","funder_award_id":"1847173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Iceberg":[1],"calving":[2],"driven":[3],"by":[4,225,232],"crevasse":[5,23,81,186,220,235],"propagation":[6,158],"is":[7,102,222],"an":[8],"important":[9],"source":[10],"of":[11,55,166,194,197,212],"ice":[12,19],"loss":[13],"from":[14,59],"the":[15,60,65,74,105,123,136,139,145,233],"Greenland":[16],"and":[17,25,47,83,89,149,159,162,204,209,237],"Antarctic":[18],"sheets.":[20],"However,":[21],"simulating":[22],"growth":[24,221],"interaction":[26],"in":[27,71,129,138,185],"3D,":[28],"spanning":[29],"meters":[30,70],"to":[31,62,78,121,155,172,176],"kilometers":[32],"length":[33,67],"scales,":[34],"remains":[35],"computationally":[36],"challenging":[37],"for":[38,99],"high\u2010fidelity":[39,56],"models":[40,57],"based":[41,143],"on":[42,144],"nonlocal":[43],"continuum":[44],"damage":[45],"mechanics":[46],"phase\u2010field":[48,125],"fracture":[49,126,140],"approaches.":[50],"The":[51,131,215],"high":[52],"computational":[53,189],"cost":[54],"comes":[58],"need":[61],"adequately":[63],"resolve":[64],"damage/phase\u2010field":[66],"scale":[68],"(often":[69],"scale)":[72],"within":[73],"finite":[75,107],"element":[76,108],"method":[77],"capture":[79,156],"complex":[80],"patterns":[82],"interactions,":[84],"involving":[85],"stress":[86],"redistribution,":[87],"shielding,":[88],"coalescence.":[90],"To":[91],"overcome":[92],"this":[93],"difficulty,":[94],"a":[95,113,150,195],"scalable":[96],"parallel":[97],"implementation":[98],"crack":[100,157],"evolution":[101],"developed":[103],"using":[104],"open\u2010source":[106],"software":[109],"FEniCS,":[110],"which":[111,229],"features":[112],"novel":[114],"recursively":[115],"adaptive":[116],"mesh":[117,137],"refinement":[118],"(RAMR)":[119],"algorithm":[120,133],"solve":[122],"stress\u2010based":[124],"model":[127],"equations":[128],"3D.":[130],"RAMR":[132],"automatically":[134],"refines":[135],"process":[141],"zones":[142],"phase":[146],"field":[147,196,208],"variable":[148],"user\u2010defined":[151],"finest":[152],"cell":[153],"size":[154],"coalescence":[160],"accurately":[161],"efficiently.":[163],"Idealized":[164],"simulations":[165,193,216],"kilometer\u2010scale":[167,192],"glacier":[168,213],"domains":[169],"show":[170],"13\u2010":[171],"45\u2010fold":[173],"speedup":[174],"compared":[175],"locally":[177],"refined":[178],"meshes,":[179],"with":[180],"less":[181],"than":[182],"2%":[183],"discrepancy":[184],"depth.":[187],"This":[188],"efficiency":[190],"enables":[191],"closely":[198],"spaced":[199],"crevasses":[200],"showcasing":[201],"arcuate":[202],"paths":[203],"crisscross":[205],"patterns,":[206],"resembling":[207],"remotely\u2010sensed":[210],"observations":[211],"crevasses.":[214],"also":[217],"reveal":[218],"that":[219],"predominantly":[223],"governed":[224],"tensile":[226],"principal":[227],"stresses,":[228],"are":[230],"determined":[231],"initial":[234],"spacing":[236],"margin":[238],"boundary":[239],"conditions.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-24T09:50:30.924529","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}