{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127078138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","title":"Experimental and numerical analysis on cold forging of commercially pure aluminum","display_name":"Experimental and numerical analysis on cold forging of commercially pure aluminum","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127078138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41629413","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12917279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-37220-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7127078138"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-37220-8_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036614781","display_name":"Khemraj Sahu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7146-8258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7146-8258"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khemraj Sahu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation and Robotics, SIT College of Engineering, Yadrav (Ichalkaranji) Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416121, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation and Robotics, SIT College of Engineering, Yadrav (Ichalkaranji) Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416121, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051396489","display_name":"Manvandra Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-0953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-0953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60054993","display_name":"Graphic Era University","ror":"https://ror.org/03wqgqd89","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60054993"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manvandra Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60054993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122943216","display_name":"Hemant Kumar Choudhary","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hemant Kumar Choudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, 842003, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, 842003, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100756667","display_name":"Raj Bahadur Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-3187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-3187"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36909309","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Hamirpur","ror":"https://ror.org/01nc8zs04","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36909309","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Bahadur Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36909309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083947234","display_name":"Jitendra Kumar Katiyar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-9484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-9484"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jitendra Kumar Katiyar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India. jitendra.katiyar@manipal.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India. jitendra.katiyar@manipal.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083947234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"6961","last_page":"6961"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10700","display_name":"Metal Forming Simulation Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10700","display_name":"Metal Forming Simulation Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11201","display_name":"Metallurgy and Material Forming","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12932","display_name":"Powder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-forging","display_name":"cold forging","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercially-pure-aluminum","display_name":"commercially pure aluminum","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-net-shape-forging","display_name":"near net shape forging","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preform-design","display_name":"preform design","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-die-forging","display_name":"die forging","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/material-flow","display_name":"material flow","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/die-filling","display_name":"die filling","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ovality","display_name":"ovality","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-hardening","display_name":"strain hardening","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frictional-effects","display_name":"friction effects","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-analysis","display_name":"finite element analysis","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deform-3d","display_name":"DEFORM-3D","score":0.871999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96494537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193057","display_name":"Forging","level":2,"score":0.9496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.590499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523214423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192047","display_name":"Machining","level":2,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151004103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113225","display_name":"Ovality","level":2,"score":0.48919999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48753275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216","display_name":"Numerical analysis","level":2,"score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513153333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663","display_name":"Aluminium","level":2,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183906286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4284762","display_name":"Material flow","level":2,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44255700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978423","display_name":"Hardening (computing)","level":3,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154815118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q453762","display_name":"Spinning","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91757755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11121294","display_name":"Simulation software","level":3,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186394612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098942","display_name":"Optimal design","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31555180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523867","display_name":"Material properties","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8953137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3300719","display_name":"Titanium alloy","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50478463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401936","display_name":"Finite volume method","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506065880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716","display_name":"Titanium","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-37220-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41629413","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41629413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12917279","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12917279/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61c0f6db80c5419a900ac86817fccbc4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61c0f6db80c5419a900ac86817fccbc4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37220-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-37220-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127078138.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127078138.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W634985887","https://openalex.org/W2016214391","https://openalex.org/W2224940790","https://openalex.org/W2622103916","https://openalex.org/W2768366716","https://openalex.org/W2792917085","https://openalex.org/W2904806382","https://openalex.org/W2906544529","https://openalex.org/W2998735874","https://openalex.org/W3009944459","https://openalex.org/W3034258601","https://openalex.org/W3164641715","https://openalex.org/W3193805878","https://openalex.org/W4322772530","https://openalex.org/W4396534973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982050714","https://openalex.org/W3012559738","https://openalex.org/W2351441978","https://openalex.org/W2359149109","https://openalex.org/W2357949194","https://openalex.org/W2906544529","https://openalex.org/W4319659641","https://openalex.org/W2379384504","https://openalex.org/W2027451319","https://openalex.org/W7217446291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Near":[0],"net":[1],"shape":[2,82],"forging":[3,25,54,148,166,209],"represents":[4],"a":[5,23,116,137,146],"manufacturing":[6,215],"philosophy":[7],"aimed":[8],"at":[9],"achieving":[10],"components":[11,217],"that":[12],"closely":[13],"approximate":[14],"their":[15],"final":[16],"geometries":[17,123],"in":[18,60,154,165,188,206],"the":[19,45,61,80,86,131,202,208],"as-forged":[20],"state.":[21],"Unlike":[22],"specific":[24],"process,":[26,210],"it":[27],"emphasizes":[28],"minimizing":[29,89],"post-forging":[30],"machining":[31],"and":[32,38,83,91,115,159,182,195,221],"material":[33,155],"waste":[34],"while":[35],"enhancing":[36],"efficiency":[37],"cost-effectiveness.":[39],"The":[40,68,96,199],"present":[41],"work":[42],"focuses":[43],"on":[44],"preform":[46,122],"design":[47,134],"of":[48,85,124,204],"commercially":[49],"pure":[50],"aluminium":[51],"for":[52,135,214],"closed-die":[53,147],"conditions":[55],"by":[56],"analyzing":[57],"its":[58],"flow":[59],"die":[62,157],"cavity":[63],"using":[64,73,145],"Deform":[65],"3D":[66,75],"software.":[67],"simulations":[69],"have":[70],"been":[71],"conducted":[72],"DEFORM":[74],"V11.2":[76],"software":[77],"to":[78,129,193],"determine":[79,130],"optimal":[81],"size":[84],"preform,":[87],"thereby":[88],"costly":[90],"inefficient":[92],"shop":[93],"floor":[94],"iterations.":[95],"fully":[97],"defined":[98],"finite":[99],"element":[100],"model":[101],"includes":[102],"tetrahedral":[103],"elements,":[104],"refined":[105],"contact":[106],"region":[107],"mesh,":[108],"Lagrangian":[109],"incremental":[110],"solver,":[111],"Coulomb":[112],"friction":[113,194],"formulation,":[114],"calibrated":[117],"nonlinear":[118],"hardening":[119,197],"law.":[120],"Three":[121],"equal":[125],"volume":[126,183],"were":[127],"evaluated":[128],"most":[132],"suitable":[133],"forming":[136],"40":[138],"mm":[139],"sphere.":[140],"Experiments":[141],"validated":[142],"numerical":[143],"predictions":[144],"setup.":[149],"Results":[150],"show":[151],"strong":[152],"agreement":[153],"flow,":[156],"filling,":[158],"energy":[160,167],"trends,":[161],"though":[162],"quantitative":[163],"deviations":[164],"(12.8%),":[168],"ovality":[169],"(1.9%":[170],"simulation":[171,178,205],"vs.":[172,179],"3.6%":[173],"experimental),":[174],"die-filling":[175],"completeness":[176],"(97.4%":[177],"95.1%":[180],"experiment),":[181],"conservation":[184],"(<":[185],"1%":[186],"error":[187],"both":[189],"cases)":[190],"arose":[191],"due":[192],"strain":[196],"effects.":[198],"findings":[200],"highlight":[201],"effectiveness":[203],"refining":[207],"offering":[211],"practical":[212],"insights":[213],"complex":[216],"with":[218],"improved":[219],"quality":[220],"efficiency.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}