{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127064600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","title":"Development and External Validation of An Osteoporosis Prediction Model in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: A Comparison of Machine-Learning Methods in Two Independent Cohorts","display_name":"Development and External Validation of An Osteoporosis Prediction Model in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: A Comparison of Machine-Learning Methods in Two Independent Cohorts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127064600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6148126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115594461","display_name":"Lixuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8029-3723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8029-3723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8029-3723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124772407","display_name":"Yubo Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4632-5759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4632-5759"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubo Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, \u4e0a\u6d77, 200000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4632-5759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, \u4e0a\u6d77, 200000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124777823","display_name":"Chuanfu Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanfu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124760418","display_name":"Zhen Ding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124833002","display_name":"Chenyu Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124761831","display_name":"Shikai Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shikai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102992948","display_name":"Hanyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-3244","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-3244"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124754686","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124814838","display_name":"Jinman Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinman Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102430841","display_name":"Jianchun Mao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianchun Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369056","display_name":"Ning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-5080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-5080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110346271","display_name":"Qian-Qian Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-7778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-7778"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098460","display_name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00z27jk27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qian-qian Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-7778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110346271"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098460"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.8974999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.8974999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11521","display_name":"Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions","score":0.06870000064373016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-sjogren-syndrome","display_name":"primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoporosis","display_name":"osteoporosis","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragility-fractures","display_name":"fragility fractures","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-comparison","display_name":"machine learning comparison","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"logistic regression","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucocorticoid-exposure","display_name":"glucocorticoid exposure","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essdai","display_name":"ESSDAI","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/25-hydroxyvitamin-d","display_name":"25-hydroxyvitamin D","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p1np","display_name":"P1NP","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-risk-calculator","display_name":"online risk calculator","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validation","display_name":"external validation","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-remodeling","display_name":"bone remodeling","score":0.6790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.7451000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.6843000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.680899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5146999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776541429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165328","display_name":"Osteoporosis","level":2,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170964787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7611170","display_name":"Stepwise regression","level":2,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76318530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16833590","display_name":"Area under the curve","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174106493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057880","display_name":"External validity","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35405484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967066","display_name":"Brier score","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51082289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4113800","display_name":"Internal validity","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6148126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6148126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6148126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7360242009162903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}