{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127055295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041","title":"A Youthful Titan Implied by Improved Impact Simulations","display_name":"A Youthful Titan Implied by Improved Impact Simulations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127055295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025gl116041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116041","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080097264","display_name":"Shigeru Wakita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-3454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-3454"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Wakita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge MA USA","Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-3454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge MA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017739944","display_name":"Brandon C. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4267-093X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4267-093X","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-8601"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. C. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA","Department of Physics and Astronomy Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4267-093X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070377080","display_name":"Jason M. Soderblom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-6407","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-6407"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Soderblom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge MA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3715-6407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge MA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022255115","display_name":"C. D. Neish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3254-8348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3254-8348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302918504","display_name":"Planetary Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05vvg9554","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302918504"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. D. Neish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Sciences The University of Western Ontario  London ON Canada","The Planetary Science Institute  Tucson AZ USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Sciences The University of Western Ontario  London ON Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Planetary Science Institute  Tucson AZ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302918504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080097264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":12.4824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9825501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10413","display_name":"High-pressure geophysics and materials","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/titan","display_name":"Titan","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-structures","display_name":"impact craters","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-age","display_name":"surface age","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crater-scaling-laws","display_name":"crater scaling laws","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-simulation","display_name":"impact simulation","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane-hydrate","display_name":"methane hydrate","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-surfaces","display_name":"ice surfaces","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crater-retention-age","display_name":"crater retention age","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-resurfacing","display_name":"surface resurfacing","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179537507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55818","display_name":"Impact crater","level":2,"score":0.984499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50805821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136670","display_name":"Titan (rocket family)","level":2,"score":0.9031000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516920438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129","display_name":"Methane","level":2,"score":0.7657999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.7653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6776000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988430800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Scaling law","level":3,"score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100402318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864080","display_name":"Clathrate hydrate","level":3,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51244244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634","display_name":"Planet","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539450922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544","display_name":"Solar System","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986605239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Numerical models","level":3,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777619642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75884069","display_name":"Crater lake","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129717645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3180802","display_name":"Icy moon","level":4,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259402","display_name":"Impact structure","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994303710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7973512","display_name":"Water ice","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025gl116041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025gl116041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116041","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL116041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127055295.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127055295.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W975605301","https://openalex.org/W1495819400","https://openalex.org/W1589631628","https://openalex.org/W1963779649","https://openalex.org/W1967994005","https://openalex.org/W1970435359","https://openalex.org/W1988146940","https://openalex.org/W1998383233","https://openalex.org/W2000169752","https://openalex.org/W2000591131","https://openalex.org/W2006981860","https://openalex.org/W2014654611","https://openalex.org/W2017464783","https://openalex.org/W2019045361","https://openalex.org/W2029034179","https://openalex.org/W2034285245","https://openalex.org/W2037028536","https://openalex.org/W2040935433","https://openalex.org/W2053120609","https://openalex.org/W2053290328","https://openalex.org/W2054027145","https://openalex.org/W2056009628","https://openalex.org/W2057117586","https://openalex.org/W2058431595","https://openalex.org/W2088008129","https://openalex.org/W2093482952","https://openalex.org/W2102455575","https://openalex.org/W2117255086","https://openalex.org/W2119057720","https://openalex.org/W2126195851","https://openalex.org/W2128126513","https://openalex.org/W2131503558","https://openalex.org/W2152241174","https://openalex.org/W2171620062","https://openalex.org/W2277125244","https://openalex.org/W2497581742","https://openalex.org/W2593033275","https://openalex.org/W2767485158","https://openalex.org/W2767747286","https://openalex.org/W2769922342","https://openalex.org/W3003206776","https://openalex.org/W3004333008","https://openalex.org/W3028908940","https://openalex.org/W3035215982","https://openalex.org/W3139271261","https://openalex.org/W3175660778","https://openalex.org/W3197710017","https://openalex.org/W4214672146","https://openalex.org/W4214706563","https://openalex.org/W4221122083","https://openalex.org/W4224234205","https://openalex.org/W4238854702","https://openalex.org/W4295932289","https://openalex.org/W4327938252","https://openalex.org/W4385659574","https://openalex.org/W4392197101","https://openalex.org/W4402976474","https://openalex.org/W4407168750","https://openalex.org/W4409241299","https://openalex.org/W6902976153"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"small":[2],"number":[3],"of":[4,47,50,59,67,76],"impact":[5,72],"craters":[6],"found":[7],"on":[8,35,100],"Titan":[9],"suggests":[10],"that":[11,79,106,133],"its":[12,20],"surface":[13,21,55,108,117],"is":[14,33,56,110],"relatively":[15,129],"young.":[16],"Previous":[17],"work":[18],"estimated":[19],"age":[22,109],"to":[23],"be":[24],"between":[25],"200":[26],"and":[27,41,104,116],"1000":[28],"Myr.":[29],"This":[30,119],"estimate,":[31],"however,":[32],"based":[34,99],"crater":[36,96,124],"scaling":[37,97],"laws":[38,98],"for":[39,74],"water":[40,60],"sand,":[42],"which":[43,121],"are":[44],"not":[45],"representative":[46],"the":[48,123],"composition":[49],"Titan's":[51,54,107,142],"icy":[52,82],"surface.":[53,143],"likely":[57],"composed":[58],"ice,":[61],"methane":[62,89],"clathrates,":[63],"or":[64],"a":[65,85,128],"combination":[66],"both.":[68],"Here,":[69],"we":[70],"perform":[71],"simulations":[73],"impactors":[75,115],"various":[77],"sizes":[78],"strike":[80],"an":[81],"target":[83],"with":[84],"0\u201315":[86],"km":[87],"thick":[88],"clathrate":[90],"cap":[91],"layer.":[92],"We":[93],"derive":[94],"new":[95],"our":[101],"numerical":[102],"results,":[103],"find":[105],"300\u2013340":[111],"Myr,":[112],"assuming":[113],"heliocentric":[114],"clathrates.":[118],"age,":[120,126],"represents":[122],"retention":[125],"indicates":[127],"youthful":[130],"surface,":[131],"suggesting":[132],"active":[134],"endogenic":[135],"and/or":[136],"exogenic":[137],"processes":[138],"have":[139],"recently":[140],"reshaped":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
