{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127055125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","title":"Lithium Therapeutic Functions: An Update on Pharmacokinetics, Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Action, Toxicity, and Side Effects","display_name":"Lithium Therapeutic Functions: An Update on Pharmacokinetics, Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Action, Toxicity, and Side Effects","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127055125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41627641","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12864309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194681035","display_name":"Molecular Neurobiology","issn_l":"0893-7648","issn":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular Neurobiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062437242","display_name":"Amanda Gollo Bertollo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0160-4079","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0160-4079"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4104125","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/041akq887","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Gollo Bertollo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis, SC, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis, SC, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4104125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061431715","display_name":"Maiqueli Eduarda Dama Mingoti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7462-3425","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7462-3425"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130004620","display_name":"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9wm572","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130004620"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maiqueli Eduarda Dama Mingoti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFSC), Chapec\u00f3, SC, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFSC), Chapec\u00f3, SC, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130004620"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063209040","display_name":"Sales Ant\u00f4nio Barbosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-5378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-5378"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089278","display_name":"Universidade do Oeste Paulista","ror":"https://ror.org/00ccec020","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089278"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sales Antonio Barbosa Junior","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092666494","display_name":"Paula Dallagnol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-0059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-0059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130004620","display_name":"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9wm572","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130004620"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Dallagnol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFSC), Chapec\u00f3, SC, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFSC), Chapec\u00f3, SC, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130004620"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043971013","display_name":"Paula T. Tonin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3609-6126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3609-6126"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009030","display_name":"Uning\u00e1 - Centro Universit\u00e1rio Ing\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmky480","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400009030"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Teresinha Tonin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ing\u00e1 University Center (UNING\u00c1), Maring\u00e1, PR, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ing\u00e1 University Center (UNING\u00c1), Maring\u00e1, PR, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400009030"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040043524","display_name":"Zuleide Maria Ign\u00e1cio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-1308","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-1308"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130004620","display_name":"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9wm572","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130004620"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zuleide Maria Ign\u00e1cio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFSC), Chapec\u00f3, SC, Brazil. zuleideignacio@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-1308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFSC), Chapec\u00f3, SC, Brazil. zuleideignacio@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130004620"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040043524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130004620"],"apc_list":{"value":4590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4590},"apc_paid":{"value":4590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4590},"fwci":13.177,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99345764,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"1","first_page":"413","last_page":"413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10854","display_name":"Bipolar Disorder and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10854","display_name":"Bipolar Disorder and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium","display_name":"lithium","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-disorder","display_name":"bipolar disorder","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacokinetics","display_name":"pharmacokinetics","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroprotection","display_name":"neuroprotection","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synaptic-plasticity","display_name":"synaptic plasticity","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-function","display_name":"mitochondrial function","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis","display_name":"hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotransmitter-modulation","display_name":"neurotransmitter modulation","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression-variation","display_name":"gene expression variation","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-toxicity","display_name":"lithium toxicity","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mood-regulation","display_name":"mood regulation","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroplasticity","display_name":"neuroplasticity","score":0.8159999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778541603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","level":2,"score":0.6865000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5515000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.5418999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10162356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135939","display_name":"Pathophysiology","level":2,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020761558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211016","display_name":"Mitochondrial respiratory chain","level":3,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79879829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Intracellular","level":2,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25498285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981368","display_name":"Neuroprotection","level":2,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3454156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144241","display_name":"Side effect (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780550438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622367","display_name":"Mood stabilizer","level":4,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28859421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39572","display_name":"Mitochondrion","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131755","display_name":"Bipolar disorder","level":3,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020377403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211016","display_name":"Respiratory chain","level":3,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781246090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836908","display_name":"Treatment of bipolar disorder","level":5,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778794669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43054","display_name":"Neuron","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779830541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622829","display_name":"Microglia","level":3,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57600042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227564","display_name":"Oxidative phosphorylation","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779319286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415744","display_name":"Riluzole","level":4,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780596555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206901","display_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","level":3,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777134132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188638","display_name":"Mood disorders","level":3,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993744773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945973","display_name":"Neuronal damage","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776120743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271540","display_name":"Mechanism of action","level":3,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61174792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420510","display_name":"Glutamate receptor","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001714","descriptor_name":"Bipolar Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001714","descriptor_name":"Bipolar Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008094","descriptor_name":"Lithium","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008094","descriptor_name":"Lithium","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008094","descriptor_name":"Lithium","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008094","descriptor_name":"Lithium","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008094","descriptor_name":"Lithium","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018020","descriptor_name":"Lithium Compounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018020","descriptor_name":"Lithium Compounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018020","descriptor_name":"Lithium Compounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194681035","display_name":"Molecular Neurobiology","issn_l":"0893-7648","issn":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular Neurobiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11671889","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12864309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:41627641","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41627641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular neurobiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12864309","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12864309/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mol Neurobiol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12035-026-05663-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194681035","display_name":"Molecular Neurobiology","issn_l":"0893-7648","issn":["0893-7648","1559-1182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular Neurobiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9922999739646912,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3690646728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00x0MA614","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7184214298","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023TR001508 and 2024TR002554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323349","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado de Santa Catarina"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7556575693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PES-2024-0533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319189","funder_display_name":"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8123925577","display_name":"Institutional Career Development Core","funder_award_id":"KL2TR002554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319189","display_name":"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9wm572"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323349","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/0503xdx77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127055125.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127055125.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":119,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1079267665","https://openalex.org/W1481112428","https://openalex.org/W1490767917","https://openalex.org/W1537538750","https://openalex.org/W1585966888","https://openalex.org/W1595816980","https://openalex.org/W1819672980","https://openalex.org/W1892083605","https://openalex.org/W1896464887","https://openalex.org/W1964086904","https://openalex.org/W1965143003","https://openalex.org/W1975271960","https://openalex.org/W1979603195","https://openalex.org/W1986219537","https://openalex.org/W1987575464","https://openalex.org/W1994589587","https://openalex.org/W1995337199","https://openalex.org/W1997093700","https://openalex.org/W2002079862","https://openalex.org/W2003203210","https://openalex.org/W2006804909","https://openalex.org/W2007335870","https://openalex.org/W2013338416","https://openalex.org/W2024413432","https://openalex.org/W2025998453","https://openalex.org/W2032561031","https://openalex.org/W2035360924","https://openalex.org/W2035627326","https://openalex.org/W2035803691","https://openalex.org/W2035904017","https://openalex.org/W2041013746","https://openalex.org/W2041184765","https://openalex.org/W2043091594","https://openalex.org/W2043242952","https://openalex.org/W2043841680","https://openalex.org/W2055740037","https://openalex.org/W2057250626","https://openalex.org/W2064884441","https://openalex.org/W2068068476","https://openalex.org/W2069918900","https://openalex.org/W2070350114","https://openalex.org/W2070453180","https://openalex.org/W2072815115","https://openalex.org/W2072914682","https://openalex.org/W2077188072","https://openalex.org/W2077476706","https://openalex.org/W2079867410","https://openalex.org/W2079922358","https://openalex.org/W2088749504","https://openalex.org/W2091783295","https://openalex.org/W2096471541","https://openalex.org/W2099017168","https://openalex.org/W2104444050","https://openalex.org/W2107932249","https://openalex.org/W2109009047","https://openalex.org/W2115737172","https://openalex.org/W2124044664","https://openalex.org/W2124765964","https://openalex.org/W2125863862","https://openalex.org/W2129612695","https://openalex.org/W2133960494","https://openalex.org/W2139501951","https://openalex.org/W2147420346","https://openalex.org/W2160037361","https://openalex.org/W2166260758","https://openalex.org/W2166874963","https://openalex.org/W2170296897","https://openalex.org/W2231115651","https://openalex.org/W2252340090","https://openalex.org/W2262279506","https://openalex.org/W2262588230","https://openalex.org/W2409050272","https://openalex.org/W2432837191","https://openalex.org/W2531057013","https://openalex.org/W2556485520","https://openalex.org/W2594708299","https://openalex.org/W2600128417","https://openalex.org/W2749461759","https://openalex.org/W2768987398","https://openalex.org/W2771770459","https://openalex.org/W2779081898","https://openalex.org/W2796413314","https://openalex.org/W2892346506","https://openalex.org/W2932882403","https://openalex.org/W2940032434","https://openalex.org/W2946056603","https://openalex.org/W2981759230","https://openalex.org/W2990910039","https://openalex.org/W3012042364","https://openalex.org/W3014778116","https://openalex.org/W3027685296","https://openalex.org/W3039812399","https://openalex.org/W3044157980","https://openalex.org/W3046680048","https://openalex.org/W3089764438","https://openalex.org/W3092565613","https://openalex.org/W3103675332","https://openalex.org/W3118288262","https://openalex.org/W3120113379","https://openalex.org/W3136688256","https://openalex.org/W3139845704","https://openalex.org/W3164226553","https://openalex.org/W3176736386","https://openalex.org/W3182296520","https://openalex.org/W3182525682","https://openalex.org/W4200316597","https://openalex.org/W4210612735","https://openalex.org/W4210743686","https://openalex.org/W4211192060","https://openalex.org/W4214525197","https://openalex.org/W4221159483","https://openalex.org/W4223902686","https://openalex.org/W4255689872","https://openalex.org/W4283701282","https://openalex.org/W4284978000","https://openalex.org/W4309858965","https://openalex.org/W4383907583","https://openalex.org/W4407942838","https://openalex.org/W4411632185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2771770459","https://openalex.org/W2166260758","https://openalex.org/W3110209853","https://openalex.org/W4415241693","https://openalex.org/W2009810523","https://openalex.org/W1617798984","https://openalex.org/W1537538750","https://openalex.org/W1969942100","https://openalex.org/W3190987840","https://openalex.org/W7123241674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lithium":[0],"is":[1,13,76],"the":[2,19,66,72,86,95,111],"most":[3],"commonly":[4],"used":[5],"medicine":[6],"to":[7,26,50,78],"treat":[8],"bipolar":[9],"disorder":[10],"(BD).":[11],"It":[12],"considered":[14],"a":[15],"mood":[16],"regulator,":[17],"and":[18,40,44,53,59,88,103,109,116,121,130,137],"mechanisms":[20,97],"underlying":[21],"this":[22],"effect":[23],"still":[24],"need":[25],"be":[27],"elucidated.":[28],"Some":[29],"modulations":[30],"are":[31,70],"involved":[32],"in":[33,68,71,100],"neuroprotection,":[34],"including":[35],"neuronal":[36],"communication,":[37],"neuron":[38],"differentiation":[39],"survival,":[41],"synaptic":[42],"modulation":[43,46],"plasticity,":[45,132],"of":[47,55,65,90,98],"cognition,":[48],"contribution":[49],"antioxidant":[51],"defense,":[52],"reduction":[54],"inflammation,":[56],"glial":[57],"dysfunction,":[58],"apoptosis.":[60],"In":[61],"general,":[62],"about":[63],"50%":[64],"concentrations":[67,87],"serum":[69],"brain.":[73],"However,":[74],"it":[75],"essential":[77],"note":[79],"that":[80],"many":[81],"gene":[82],"expression":[83],"differences":[84],"influence":[85],"actions":[89],"individuals.":[91],"This":[92],"review":[93],"discusses":[94],"various":[96],"lithium":[99],"BD":[101],"I":[102],"II,":[104],"its":[105],"effects":[106],"on":[107],"neurotransmitters":[108],"receptors,":[110],"hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal":[112],"(HPA)":[113],"axis,":[114],"inflammation":[115],"neuroinflammation,":[117],"immune":[118],"functions,":[119],"oxidative":[120],"nitrosative":[122],"stress,":[123],"mitochondrial":[124],"respiratory":[125],"chain":[126],"function,":[127],"intracellular":[128],"signaling,":[129],"brain":[131],"as":[133,135],"well":[134],"toxicity":[136],"side":[138],"effects.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}