{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127052168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008","title":"Zipf's Law and the Evolution of Musical Lyrics: A Comparative Analysis of the 1960s, 1990s and the Present","display_name":"Zipf's Law and the Evolution of Musical Lyrics: A Comparative Analysis of the 1960s, 1990s and the Present","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127052168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/jses-2025-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/jses-2025-0008.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240316","display_name":"Journal of Social and Economic Statistics","issn_l":"2285-388X","issn":["2285-388X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Economic Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/jses-2025-0008.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115536173","display_name":"Camelia-Maria Dan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88491126","display_name":"Bucharest University of Economic Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04yvncj21","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88491126"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Camelia-Maria Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Bucharest University of Economic Studies , Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Bucharest University of Economic Studies , Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88491126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103976130","display_name":"Cristina Rodica Boboc","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88491126","display_name":"Bucharest University of Economic Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04yvncj21","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88491126"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina-Rodica Boboc","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Bucharest University of Economic Studies , Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Bucharest University of Economic Studies , Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88491126"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88491126"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68904776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12377","display_name":"Digital Humanities and Scholarship","score":0.17910000681877136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10941","display_name":"Musicology and Musical Analysis","score":0.06750000268220901,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zipf-s-law","display_name":"Zipf's law","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/song-lyrics","display_name":"song lyrics","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-frequency","display_name":"word frequency","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/billboard-hot-100","display_name":"Billboard Hot 100","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-history","display_name":"music history","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1960s-music","display_name":"1960s music","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1990s-music","display_name":"1990s music","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contemporary-music","display_name":"contemporary music","score":0.7570000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.573199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.5586000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125932096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205472","display_name":"Zipf's law","level":2,"score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602446","display_name":"Lyrics","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/jses-2025-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/jses-2025-0008.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240316","display_name":"Journal of Social and Economic Statistics","issn_l":"2285-388X","issn":["2285-388X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Economic Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/jses-2025-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jses-2025-0008","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/jses-2025-0008.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240316","display_name":"Journal of Social and Economic Statistics","issn_l":"2285-388X","issn":["2285-388X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Economic Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7837328910827637}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127052168.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127052168.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527513100","https://openalex.org/W1831393456","https://openalex.org/W1987942996","https://openalex.org/W2012510869","https://openalex.org/W2023060295","https://openalex.org/W2025911687","https://openalex.org/W2056263517","https://openalex.org/W2106317195","https://openalex.org/W2128488590","https://openalex.org/W2168991419","https://openalex.org/W3006342874","https://openalex.org/W3097668438","https://openalex.org/W4300914774","https://openalex.org/W4389272091","https://openalex.org/W4413932988"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Song":[1],"lyrics":[2],"offer":[3],"valuable":[4],"insights":[5],"into":[6,137],"the":[7,16,21,30,38,56,59,64,80,83,88,91,99,103,106,110,117,124],"social":[8],"and":[9,18,50,63,82,131,145],"cultural":[10],"contexts":[11],"of":[12,20,32,66,90,119,126,143],"each":[13],"period,":[14,85],"reflecting":[15],"themes":[17],"concerns":[19],"time.":[22],"This":[23,121],"study":[24],"applies":[25],"Zipf's":[26],"law":[27],"to":[28,87,102,116],"analyse":[29],"evolution":[31],"lyrical":[33],"complexity":[34],"using":[35],"data":[36],"from":[37,70],"Billboard":[39],"Year-End":[40],"Hot":[41],"100":[42],"singles":[43],"during":[44],"three":[45],"distinct":[46],"periods:":[47],"1959\u20131969,":[48],"1991\u20131999,":[49],"2016\u20132024.":[51],"To":[52],"assess":[53],"repetitiveness":[54,77],"trends,":[55],"analysis":[57],"employs":[58],"Zipf":[60],"coefficient":[61,65,92],"(\u03b1\u0302)":[62],"determination":[67],"(R\u00b2)":[68],"derived":[69],"log-log":[71],"models.":[72],"The":[73],"findings":[74],"reveal":[75],"lower":[76],"in":[78,98],"both":[79],"1960s":[81],"contemporary":[84],"according":[86],"value":[89],"\u03b1,":[93],"with":[94],"higher":[95],"degree":[96],"observed":[97],"1990s.":[100],"Contrary":[101],"initial":[104],"hypothesis,":[105],"results":[107],"suggest":[108],"that":[109],"digital":[111],"age":[112],"has":[113],"not":[114],"contributed":[115],"simplification":[118],"lyrics.":[120],"research":[122],"underscores":[123],"influence":[125],"technology":[127],"on":[128,140],"music":[129],"production":[130],"opens":[132],"avenues":[133],"for":[134],"further":[135],"exploration":[136],"its":[138],"impact":[139],"other":[141],"forms":[142],"art":[144],"culture.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}