{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127050212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","title":"Revisiting the Nexus Between Trade Liberalisation and Income Inequality: The Case of Sub\u2010Saharan African Countries","display_name":"Revisiting the Nexus Between Trade Liberalisation and Income Inequality: The Case of Sub\u2010Saharan African Countries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127050212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ijfe.70164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146099957","display_name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","issn_l":"1076-9307","issn":["1076-9307","1099-1158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068320642","display_name":"Guivis Zeufack Nkemgha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-3404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-3404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178331978","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Dschang","ror":"https://ror.org/0566t4z20","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I263774594","display_name":"University of Bamenda","ror":"https://ror.org/031ahrf94","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I263774594"]}],"countries":["CM","ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guivis Zeufack Nkemgha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Economics and Development Research Group (GREAD)  Dschang Cameroon","University of Bamenda  Bamenda Cameroon","University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-3404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Economics and Development Research Group (GREAD)  Dschang Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bamenda  Bamenda Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I263774594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022040212","display_name":"Le Roi Nso Fils","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-6626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-6626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129570296","display_name":"Omar Bongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s4j9e43","country_code":"GA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129570296"]}],"countries":["GA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Roi Nso Fils","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Omar Bongo  Libreville Gabon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Omar Bongo  Libreville Gabon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129570296"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035338274","display_name":"Ulrich Kevin Kamdoum Kamwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7538-7280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7538-7280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129570296","display_name":"Omar Bongo University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s4j9e43","country_code":"GA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129570296"]}],"countries":["GA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Kevin Kamwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Omar Bongo  Libreville Gabon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7538-7280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Omar Bongo  Libreville Gabon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129570296"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068320642"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274","https://openalex.org/I178331978","https://openalex.org/I263774594"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"fwci":5.635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90504667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"4741","last_page":"4756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.48510000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.48510000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.4169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.0625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverted-u-shaped-relationship","display_name":"inverted U-shaped relationship","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laffer-curve","display_name":"Laffer curve","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-effects","display_name":"employment effects","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-protection","display_name":"social protection","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-policy","display_name":"labour market policy","score":0.8700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.8400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.7990999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.7752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5909000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58823610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418","display_name":"Liberalization","level":2,"score":0.5586000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35532855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435","display_name":"Free trade","level":2,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506295513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729438","display_name":"Economic integration","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779685004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570293","display_name":"Terms of trade","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32768728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1728567","display_name":"Capital account","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80890224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504749","display_name":"Laffer curve","level":5,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140413371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564","display_name":"Commercial policy","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519300510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3915542","display_name":"Income distribution","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ijfe.70164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146099957","display_name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","issn_l":"1076-9307","issn":["1076-9307","1099-1158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ijfe.70164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146099957","display_name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","issn_l":"1076-9307","issn":["1076-9307","1099-1158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306125","display_name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/02gp85x20"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1922151462","https://openalex.org/W1965732132","https://openalex.org/W1968191654","https://openalex.org/W1973729110","https://openalex.org/W1977162143","https://openalex.org/W2003369261","https://openalex.org/W2012745660","https://openalex.org/W2022983327","https://openalex.org/W2024200847","https://openalex.org/W2028995298","https://openalex.org/W2029167274","https://openalex.org/W2035583142","https://openalex.org/W2040893144","https://openalex.org/W2058829767","https://openalex.org/W2065070706","https://openalex.org/W2081316546","https://openalex.org/W2097916756","https://openalex.org/W2105360587","https://openalex.org/W2125364004","https://openalex.org/W2136966912","https://openalex.org/W2150879566","https://openalex.org/W2156874165","https://openalex.org/W2157100385","https://openalex.org/W2163005714","https://openalex.org/W2167539398","https://openalex.org/W2228397436","https://openalex.org/W2468275733","https://openalex.org/W2715480293","https://openalex.org/W2781293980","https://openalex.org/W2884618157","https://openalex.org/W2886141050","https://openalex.org/W2962843817","https://openalex.org/W2995150424","https://openalex.org/W3002216277","https://openalex.org/W3042304254","https://openalex.org/W3084722361","https://openalex.org/W3122953781","https://openalex.org/W3123478300","https://openalex.org/W3124259699","https://openalex.org/W3124274053","https://openalex.org/W3124797613","https://openalex.org/W3135897538","https://openalex.org/W3155034766","https://openalex.org/W3187341085","https://openalex.org/W3187756521","https://openalex.org/W3215393401","https://openalex.org/W4221120358","https://openalex.org/W4226279553","https://openalex.org/W4280612479","https://openalex.org/W4288705903","https://openalex.org/W4308977963","https://openalex.org/W4322772586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415027141","https://openalex.org/W7223447091","https://openalex.org/W2605722224","https://openalex.org/W4391518813","https://openalex.org/W3205276658","https://openalex.org/W2551527154","https://openalex.org/W2582695260","https://openalex.org/W1879255897","https://openalex.org/W2065910424","https://openalex.org/W4321268665"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"This":[1,94],"paper":[2],"examines":[3],"the":[4,38,52,80,87,91,106,115],"impact":[5,82],"of":[6,90,110],"trade":[7,32,48,71,111],"liberalisation":[8,112],"on":[9,78,83],"income":[10],"inequality":[11,36],"across":[12],"24":[13],"Sub\u2010Saharan":[14],"African":[15],"(SSA)":[16],"countries":[17],"from":[18,119],"2000":[19],"to":[20,51],"2020.":[21],"Using":[22],"IV\u2010Tobit":[23],"and":[24,49,65,102],"2SLS":[25],"models,":[26],"we":[27,41],"consistently":[28],"find":[29],"that":[30,97],"greater":[31],"openness":[33,72],"significantly":[34,85],"exacerbates":[35],"in":[37,61],"region.":[39],"Critically,":[40],"document":[42],"an":[43],"inverted":[44],"U\u2010shaped":[45],"relationship":[46],"between":[47],"inequality\u2014similar":[50],"Laffer":[53],"Curve\u2014but":[54],"this":[55],"mitigating":[56,88],"effect":[57,77,89],"is":[58],"only":[59],"observed":[60],"high\u2010income,":[62],"less":[63],"corrupt,":[64],"democratic":[66],"SSA":[67],"countries.":[68],"In":[69],"addition,":[70],"demonstrates":[73],"a":[74],"dual,":[75],"contradictory":[76],"inequality:":[79],"disruptive":[81],"employment":[84,108],"outweighs":[86],"education":[92],"channel.":[93],"disparity":[95],"underscores":[96],"without":[98],"robust":[99],"labour":[100],"market":[101],"social":[103],"protection":[104],"policies,":[105],"negative":[107],"consequences":[109],"will":[113],"dominate":[114],"potential":[116],"equalising":[117],"gains":[118],"human":[120],"capital":[121],"development.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}