{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127048517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","title":"Sensitivity of Potential Battery Electric Locomotive Energy Benefits to Freight Railway Operating Characteristics and Charging Strategies","display_name":"Sensitivity of Potential Battery Electric Locomotive Energy Benefits to Freight Railway Operating Characteristics and Charging Strategies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127048517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981251414676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124730913","display_name":"Diwen Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-6645","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-6645"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diwen Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Railway Analysis & Innovation Node (TRAIN), Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-6645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Railway Analysis & Innovation Node (TRAIN), Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015748081","display_name":"Michael J Copley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6698-6018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6698-6018"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Copley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rail Transportation and Engineering Center \u2013 RailTEC, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6698-6018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rail Transportation and Engineering Center \u2013 RailTEC, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014365159","display_name":"C. Tyler Dick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-1320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-1320"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Tyler Dick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Railway Analysis & Innovation Node (TRAIN), Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-1320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Railway Analysis & Innovation Node (TRAIN), Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014365159"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"fwci":8.3015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95930778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2680","issue":"10","first_page":"681","last_page":"704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-electric-locomotives","display_name":"battery-electric locomotives","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rail-freight","display_name":"rail freight","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-braking","display_name":"regenerative braking","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-efficiency","display_name":"battery efficiency","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rolling-resistance","display_name":"rolling resistance","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-capacity","display_name":"battery capacity","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train-performance-simulation","display_name":"train performance simulation","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162380856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580078","display_name":"Regenerative brake","level":3,"score":0.6082000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110069716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076882","display_name":"Battery electric vehicle","level":4,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989104859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery capacity","level":4,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779664074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518405","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45811908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902054","display_name":"Automotive battery","level":4,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780847881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3177122","display_name":"Driving range","level":4,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50292345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337724","display_name":"Lead\u2013acid battery","level":4,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106945098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527701","display_name":"Internal resistance","level":4,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31419778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350726","display_name":"Trickle charging","level":4,"score":0.2630999982357025}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981251414676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981251414676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251414676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4949240982532501}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63048255","https://openalex.org/W145967602","https://openalex.org/W2048320916","https://openalex.org/W2057205172","https://openalex.org/W2330924065","https://openalex.org/W2498273105","https://openalex.org/W2530601841","https://openalex.org/W2909136609","https://openalex.org/W2967853718","https://openalex.org/W3163974058","https://openalex.org/W3172264790","https://openalex.org/W3200327935","https://openalex.org/W3201416729","https://openalex.org/W3211805645","https://openalex.org/W4283736664","https://openalex.org/W4285729644","https://openalex.org/W4361224668","https://openalex.org/W4362722345","https://openalex.org/W4376617368","https://openalex.org/W4380354798","https://openalex.org/W4383032828","https://openalex.org/W4388783372","https://openalex.org/W4391301738","https://openalex.org/W4400588285"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Freight":[0],"railroads":[1,37],"are":[2,25],"exploring":[3],"alternative":[4],"energy":[5,59,71,91,200],"technologies":[6],"such":[7],"as":[8],"battery":[9,114,117,158,171,187,221,247],"electric":[10],"locomotives":[11,96],"(BELs).":[12],"A":[13,68],"BEL":[14,50,58,77,105,199,216,237],"produces":[15],"tractive":[16],"effort":[17],"from":[18,49,138],"electricity":[19],"stored":[20],"in":[21,38,83,157,166],"onboard":[22],"batteries":[23],"that":[24,132],"recharged":[26],"at":[27],"terminal":[28,147,176],"stations,":[29],"through":[30],"regenerative":[31],"braking,":[32],"or":[33],"both.":[34],"To":[35],"aid":[36],"identifying":[39],"the":[40,55,84,120],"types":[41],"of":[42,57,93,109,175,230],"routes":[43,206],"and":[44,116,123,146,160,170,179,191,207,223,248],"train":[45,70,110,126,161,167],"services":[46],"benefiting":[47],"most":[48],"implementation,":[51],"this":[52],"paper":[53],"investigates":[54],"sensitivity":[56],"benefits":[60],"to":[61,75,140,155,164,226,242],"various":[62],"parameters":[63],"across":[64,106,232],"multiple":[65],"rail":[66,81],"corridors.":[67],"simplified":[69,121],"model":[72,122],"was":[73,97],"developed":[74],"quantify":[76],"performance":[78,127],"on":[79,143,211,246],"four":[80],"corridors":[82],"United":[85],"States.":[86],"For":[87],"each":[88],"route,":[89],"diesel":[90,100,136],"consumption":[92],"conventional":[94],"diesel-electric":[95],"compared":[98],"with":[99,103],"consists":[101],"supplemented":[102],"one":[104],"a":[107,124,184,212],"range":[108],"weights,":[111],"railcar":[112],"resistances,":[113],"efficiency,":[115],"capacity":[118,222],"using":[119],"comprehensive":[125],"simulator.":[128],"Both":[129],"approaches":[130],"indicated":[131],"BELs":[133],"can":[134],"achieve":[135],"savings":[137,151,201],"0%":[139],"40%":[141],"depending":[142],"grade":[144],"profile":[145],"charging":[148,177,224],"availability.":[149],"Energy":[150],"were":[152,197,202,240],"more":[153],"sensitive":[154,241],"changes":[156,165],"efficiency":[159],"mass":[162],"than":[163],"rolling":[168],"resistance":[169],"capacity.":[172],"Additional":[173],"analysis":[174],"strategies":[178,239],"charger":[180,249],"power":[181],"rates":[182],"revealed":[183],"trade-off":[185],"between":[186,205],"size,":[188],"charge":[189],"rate,":[190],"life-cycle":[192],"benefits.":[193],"Although":[194],"general":[195],"trends":[196],"observed,":[198],"highly":[203],"variable":[204],"should":[208],"be":[209],"analyzed":[210],"case-by-case":[213],"basis.":[214],"Similarly,":[215],"implementations":[217],"must":[218],"carefully":[219],"match":[220],"strategy":[225],"operational":[227],"needs":[228],"instead":[229],"standardization":[231],"all":[233],"routes.":[234],"Further,":[235],"favorable":[236],"implementation":[238],"technology":[243],"pricing":[244],"based":[245],"development.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}