{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127048400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","title":"The Low Connection Between Informal Digital Learning of English and Willingness to Communicate: Investigating the \u201cScrolling Phenomenon\u201d and Speaking Challenges among EFL Vocational Students","display_name":"The Low Connection Between Informal Digital Learning of English and Willingness to Communicate: Investigating the \u201cScrolling Phenomenon\u201d and Speaking Challenges among EFL Vocational Students","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127048400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","pdf_url":"https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/download/6229/1087","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215150","display_name":"Journal of Pragmatics Research","issn_l":"2656-8020","issn":["2656-8020"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314975","host_organization_name":"IAIN Salatiga","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314975"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IAIN Salatiga"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pragmatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/download/6229/1087","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044530003","display_name":"Nurhandayani Supraptiningsih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-8713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-8713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113907","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka","ror":"https://ror.org/01wqn3353","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113907"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurhandayani Supraptiningsih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA Jakarta, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-8713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA Jakarta, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124747308","display_name":"Ilham Sakti Aji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113907","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka","ror":"https://ror.org/01wqn3353","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113907"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilham Sakti Aji","raw_affiliation_strings":["The English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA, Jakarta, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA, Jakarta, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113907"],"apc_list":{"value":40,"currency":"USD","value_usd":40},"apc_paid":{"value":40,"currency":"USD","value_usd":40},"fwci":18.6336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98293927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"347","last_page":"377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.03629999980330467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-digital-learning","display_name":"informal digital learning","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/willingness-to-communicate","display_name":"willingness to communicate","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociopragmatic-competence","display_name":"sociopragmatic competence","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-awareness","display_name":"register awareness","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tiktok","display_name":"TikTok","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instagram-reels","display_name":"Instagram Reels","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-chat","display_name":"online chat","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentic-input","display_name":"authentic language input","score":0.4000000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C668760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6869278","display_name":"Vocational education","level":2,"score":0.6606000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2275793","display_name":"Casual","level":2,"score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780565504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8021978","display_name":"Willingness to communicate","level":2,"score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779235478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286576","display_name":"Register (sociolinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780198215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361428","display_name":"Informal learning","level":2,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777716012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318389","display_name":"Dyad","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77513098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209722","display_name":"Cognitive dissonance","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776181820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal learning","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190973436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2893573","display_name":"Informal education","level":3,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776931063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781738","display_name":"Appropriation","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51067260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828812","display_name":"Professional development","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200380349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2290699","display_name":"Situated learning","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781419009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17153102","display_name":"Professional communication","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80245801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477475","display_name":"Semi-structured interview","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","pdf_url":"https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/download/6229/1087","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215150","display_name":"Journal of Pragmatics Research","issn_l":"2656-8020","issn":["2656-8020"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314975","host_organization_name":"IAIN Salatiga","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314975"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IAIN Salatiga"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pragmatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377","pdf_url":"https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/download/6229/1087","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215150","display_name":"Journal of Pragmatics Research","issn_l":"2656-8020","issn":["2656-8020"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314975","host_organization_name":"IAIN Salatiga","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314975"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IAIN Salatiga"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pragmatics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127048400.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127048400.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571351942","https://openalex.org/W1489875966","https://openalex.org/W1521477500","https://openalex.org/W1536611736","https://openalex.org/W1964164866","https://openalex.org/W1969972405","https://openalex.org/W1974147378","https://openalex.org/W2024891149","https://openalex.org/W2063365267","https://openalex.org/W2081482167","https://openalex.org/W2091709178","https://openalex.org/W2095692365","https://openalex.org/W2097210817","https://openalex.org/W2100356821","https://openalex.org/W2127655886","https://openalex.org/W2147139740","https://openalex.org/W2156112062","https://openalex.org/W2160833066","https://openalex.org/W2170021030","https://openalex.org/W2275565352","https://openalex.org/W2320558018","https://openalex.org/W2514223853","https://openalex.org/W2756464646","https://openalex.org/W2768285984","https://openalex.org/W2793137465","https://openalex.org/W2804104977","https://openalex.org/W2884758101","https://openalex.org/W2934692346","https://openalex.org/W2948443076","https://openalex.org/W2972388145","https://openalex.org/W2982264861","https://openalex.org/W2998017668","https://openalex.org/W3021886458","https://openalex.org/W3035890140","https://openalex.org/W3136639133","https://openalex.org/W3152215790","https://openalex.org/W3155947268","https://openalex.org/W3173941329","https://openalex.org/W4205618892","https://openalex.org/W4205970700","https://openalex.org/W4206516126","https://openalex.org/W4248757679","https://openalex.org/W4284713658","https://openalex.org/W4289207410","https://openalex.org/W4292332438","https://openalex.org/W4295952967","https://openalex.org/W4300691738","https://openalex.org/W4319790143","https://openalex.org/W4378193711","https://openalex.org/W4381745490","https://openalex.org/W4387399252","https://openalex.org/W4389966411","https://openalex.org/W4399182650","https://openalex.org/W4399456233","https://openalex.org/W4401150592","https://openalex.org/W4401195209","https://openalex.org/W4403162623","https://openalex.org/W4403551034","https://openalex.org/W4404028589","https://openalex.org/W4405946113","https://openalex.org/W4406646166","https://openalex.org/W4406646869","https://openalex.org/W4414510453","https://openalex.org/W4415301623","https://openalex.org/W4416834925","https://openalex.org/W7108220728","https://openalex.org/W7117408280","https://openalex.org/W7118777362"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7217298593","https://openalex.org/W7216638607","https://openalex.org/W7197015130","https://openalex.org/W4396890932","https://openalex.org/W4375935581","https://openalex.org/W4392066876","https://openalex.org/W4200073014","https://openalex.org/W7117408280","https://openalex.org/W7167616528","https://openalex.org/W3152215790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Informal":[0],"Digital":[1],"Learning":[2],"of":[3,22,30,173],"English":[4],"(IDLE)":[5],"provides":[6],"extensive":[7],"authentic":[8],"input;":[9],"however,":[10],"its":[11],"casual":[12],"digital":[13,185,241],"register":[14,232],"often":[15],"diverges":[16],"from":[17],"the":[18,28,48],"formal":[19],"sociopragmatic":[20,194],"requirements":[21],"vocational":[23,41,236],"contexts.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26,167],"investigates":[27],"impact":[29],"such":[31,114],"informal":[32,184,240],"exposure":[33],"on":[34],"Willingness":[35],"to":[36,190,238],"Communicate":[37],"(WTC)":[38],"among":[39],"229":[40],"school":[42],"students.":[43],"To":[44],"address":[45],"self-report":[46],"bias,":[47],"data":[49],"were":[50,94],"collected":[51],"using":[52],"a":[53,58,81,90,125,144,174,179,223],"situated":[54],"measurement":[55],"protocol":[56],"through":[57,222],"validated":[59],"15-item":[60],"questionnaire":[61],"that":[62,77,177,199,217,229],"measured":[63],"Receptive":[64,133],"IDLE":[65,69,134,149],"(consuming":[66],"content),":[67,71],"Productive":[68,148],"(creating":[70],"and":[72,135,143,150,202],"WTC,":[73],"following":[74],"industry-specific":[75],"simulations":[76,237],"anchored":[78],"WTC":[79,136,151],"in":[80,97,111,182],"professional":[82,193,211],"rather":[83],"than":[84,159],"social":[85],"context.":[86],"Descriptive":[87],"analysis":[88,123],"revealed":[89],"\"scrolling\"":[91],"phenomenon:":[92],"students":[93],"highly":[95],"engaged":[96],"receptive":[98],"activities":[99,113],"like":[100],"watching":[101],"TikTok/Instagram":[102],"Reels":[103],"(M":[104,118],"=":[105,119,138,153],"3.08),":[106],"but":[107,128],"showed":[108],"low":[109],"engagement":[110],"productive":[112],"as":[115,164,170],"online":[116],"chatting":[117],"2.31).":[120],"Pearson":[121],"correlation":[122,131,146],"indicated":[124],"statistically":[126],"significant":[127],"weak":[129,162],"positive":[130],"between":[132,147],"(r":[137,152],"0.260,":[139],"p":[140,155],"<":[141,156],"0.01)":[142],"negligible":[145],"0.139,":[154],"0.05).":[157],"Rather":[158],"dismissing":[160],"these":[161],"correlations":[163],"negligible,":[165],"this":[166,220],"interprets":[168],"them":[169],"empirical":[171],"evidence":[172],"pragmatic":[175,186],"dissonance,":[176],"is,":[178],"critical":[180],"gap":[181],"which":[183],"linguistic":[187],"gains":[188],"fail":[189],"transfer":[191],"into":[192,243],"competence.":[195],"The":[196],"findings":[197],"suggest":[198],"while":[200],"'scrolling'":[201],"'posting'":[203],"increase":[204],"familiarity,":[205],"they":[206],"do":[207],"not":[208],"inherently":[209],"build":[210],"confidence.":[212],"Therefore,":[213],"it":[214],"is":[215],"suggested":[216],"educators":[218],"bridge":[219],"dissonance":[221],"mixed":[224],"or":[225],"combined":[226],"pedagogical":[227],"approach":[228],"integrates":[230],"explicit":[231],"awareness":[233],"with":[234],"task-based":[235],"transform":[239],"input":[242],"professionally":[244],"competent":[245],"output.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}