{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127047673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","title":"Influence of Catalyst Type and Reaction Conditions on Biodiesel Conversion of Pine and Soapnut Oils","display_name":"Influence of Catalyst Type and Reaction Conditions on Biodiesel Conversion of Pine and Soapnut Oils","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127047673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","pdf_url":"https://journals.stmjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/formidable/26/fdc62c39-39-48-influence-of-catalyst-type-and-reaction-conditions.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235905","display_name":"Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications","issn_l":"2455-3360","issn":["2455-3360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7127047673"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.stmjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/formidable/26/fdc62c39-39-48-influence-of-catalyst-type-and-reaction-conditions.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003486740","display_name":"C. Manikandan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2770","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6405-9375"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Manikandan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Scholar , Department of Mechanical Engineering , FEAT ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Scholar , Department of Mechanical Engineering , FEAT ,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003486740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11351","display_name":"Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiesel-production","display_name":"biodiesel production","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transesterification","display_name":"transesterification","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pine-oil","display_name":"pine oil","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-edible-oil","display_name":"non-edible vegetable oil","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkaline-catalyst","display_name":"alkaline catalyst","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-catalysts","display_name":"acid catalysts","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-catalysts","display_name":"heterogeneous catalysts","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzymatic-transesterification","display_name":"enzymatic transesterification","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-fatty-acids","display_name":"free fatty acids","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methanol-to-oil-molar-ratio","display_name":"methanol to oil molar ratio","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catalyst-reusability","display_name":"catalyst reusability","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiesel-yield","display_name":"biodiesel yield","score":0.8690000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5993000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52896960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167947","display_name":"Biodiesel","level":3,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66910140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905957","display_name":"Biodiesel production","level":4,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","pdf_url":"https://journals.stmjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/formidable/26/fdc62c39-39-48-influence-of-catalyst-type-and-reaction-conditions.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235905","display_name":"Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications","issn_l":"2455-3360","issn":["2455-3360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37591/joaea.v12i03.234135","pdf_url":"https://journals.stmjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/formidable/26/fdc62c39-39-48-influence-of-catalyst-type-and-reaction-conditions.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235905","display_name":"Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications","issn_l":"2455-3360","issn":["2455-3360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127047673.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127047673.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389458895","https://openalex.org/W3082692919","https://openalex.org/W2048263277","https://openalex.org/W3033834633","https://openalex.org/W2018596460","https://openalex.org/W3006692175","https://openalex.org/W3116499900","https://openalex.org/W3196695305","https://openalex.org/W4251563558","https://openalex.org/W4235664083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biodiesel":[0],"produced":[1,181],"from":[2,260],"non-edible":[3,48],"oils":[4,69,112,202],"is":[5,15],"becoming":[6],"an":[7],"important":[8],"replacement":[9],"for":[10,21,194,201,248,257,277],"petroleum":[11],"diesel":[12,25],"because":[13,50,136],"it":[14],"renewable,":[16],"environmentally":[17,233],"friendly,":[18,234],"and":[19,36,42,57,85,104,110,125,131,143,149,158,186,222,254,262,273],"suitable":[20,193,252],"use":[22],"in":[23,236],"existing":[24],"engines.It":[26],"helps":[27],"reduce":[28],"air":[29],"pollution,":[30],"lowers":[31],"dependence":[32],"on":[33,81],"fossil":[34],"fuels,":[35],"supports":[37],"sustainable":[38,274],"energy":[39,279],"development.Pine":[40],"oil":[41,44,148,151,162],"soapnut":[43,111,150,263],"are":[45,52,70],"two":[46],"promising":[47],"feedstocks":[49],"they":[51,137],"easy":[53,219],"to":[54,165,172,240,269],"obtain,":[55],"inexpensive,":[56],"contain":[58],"chemical":[59,159,241],"compounds":[60],"that":[61,178],"can":[62],"be":[63],"effectively":[64],"converted":[65],"into":[66,76,113],"biodiesel.Although":[67],"these":[68],"good":[71],"raw":[72],"materials,":[73],"their":[74,227],"conversion":[75,107,189,238],"high-quality":[77],"biodiesel":[78,145,184,259],"mainly":[79],"depends":[80],"the":[82,86,106,166,182,187,250],"catalyst":[83,121],"used":[84],"process":[87,115],"conditions":[88,256],"applied":[89],"during":[90],"transesterification.The":[91],"present":[92],"study":[93,244],"examines":[94],"how":[95],"different":[96,153],"types":[97],"of":[98,108],"catalysts":[99,180,197,214,253],"-alkaline,":[100],"acidic,":[101],"heterogeneous":[102],"(solid),":[103],"biocatalystsaffect":[105],"pine":[109,147,261],"biodiesel.Key":[114],"variables":[116],"such":[117,217],"as":[118,218],"methanolto-oil":[119],"ratio,":[120],"concentration,":[122],"reaction":[123,126,139,167,212,228,255],"temperature,":[124],"time":[127],"were":[128,134,198],"carefully":[129],"adjusted":[130],"studied.These":[132],"parameters":[133],"selected":[135],"influence":[138],"speed,":[140],"product":[141],"quality,":[142],"overall":[144],"yield.Since":[146],"have":[152],"free":[154,205],"fatty":[155,206],"acid":[156,207],"levels":[157],"structures,":[160],"each":[161],"responded":[163],"differently":[164],"conditions,":[168],"requiring":[169],"slight":[170],"adjustments":[171],"achieve":[173],"optimal":[174],"results.The":[175],"findings":[176],"show":[177],"alkaline":[179],"highest":[183],"yield":[185],"fastest":[188],"rate,":[190],"making":[191],"them":[192],"large-scale":[195],"applications.Acid":[196],"more":[199],"effective":[200],"with":[203],"high":[204],"content":[208],"but":[209],"required":[210],"longer":[211],"times.Heterogeneous":[213],"showed":[215],"advantages":[216],"separation,":[220],"reusability,":[221],"reduced":[223],"waste":[224],"generation,":[225],"although":[226],"rate":[229],"was":[230],"slower.Biocatalysts,":[231],"while":[232],"resulted":[235],"moderate":[237],"compared":[239],"catalysts.Overall,":[242],"this":[243],"provides":[245],"useful":[246],"information":[247],"selecting":[249],"most":[251],"producing":[258],"oils.The":[264],"results":[265],"support":[266],"ongoing":[267],"efforts":[268],"develop":[270],"clean,":[271],"affordable,":[272],"fuel":[275],"alternatives":[276],"future":[278],"needs..":[280]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}