{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127047232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283","title":"Streetcar and Interurban Deployment in the United States: 1894-1926","display_name":"Streetcar and Interurban Deployment in the United States: 1894-1926","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127047232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32866/001c.155283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283","pdf_url":"https://findingspress.org/article/155283.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241126","display_name":"Findings","issn_l":"2652-0397","issn":["2652-0397","2652-8800"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://findingspress.org/article/155283.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124696329","display_name":"Haoang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-3992","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-3992"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-3992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028528835","display_name":"Bahman Lahoorpoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1226-819X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1226-819X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahman Lahoorpoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1226-819X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084766858","display_name":"David Matthew Levinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-2963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-2963"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Levinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-2963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":100},"apc_paid":{"value":100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":100},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04842656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.19460000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13439","display_name":"Transport and Economic Policies","score":0.19460000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.19059999287128448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12725","display_name":"transportation and logistics systems","score":0.1647000014781952,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tramway","display_name":"streetcars","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interurban-railroads","display_name":"interurban railroads","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-growth-curve","display_name":"logistic curve","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-transportation-history","display_name":"urban transport history","score":0.5799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779671548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664428","display_name":"Interurban","level":2,"score":0.9199000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6822999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5321000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019178406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35054","display_name":"Post office","level":3,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32866/001c.155283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283","pdf_url":"https://findingspress.org/article/155283.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241126","display_name":"Findings","issn_l":"2652-0397","issn":["2652-0397","2652-8800"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:818655d39def4e8cb9cbf5dd648325d5","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/818655d39def4e8cb9cbf5dd648325d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Findings (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32866/001c.155283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.155283","pdf_url":"https://findingspress.org/article/155283.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241126","display_name":"Findings","issn_l":"2652-0397","issn":["2652-0397","2652-8800"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.651199996471405}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7299169898033142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127047232.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127047232.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063833516","https://openalex.org/W2145479792"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,62],"compile":[1],"operating":[2],"track":[3],"lengths":[4],"for":[5,19],"US":[6],"streetcar":[7],"and":[8,24,57,65,69,71,76],"interurban":[9],"systems":[10],"from":[11],"the":[12],"McGraw":[13],"American":[14],"Street":[15],"Railway":[16],"Investments":[17],"Directories":[18],"1894\u20131926,":[20],"aggregated":[21],"by":[22,25,67],"state":[23,77],"metro":[26],"area,":[27],"with":[28,47],"a":[29,48],"national":[30],"total.":[31],"The":[32],"United":[33],"States":[34],"network":[35],"reaches":[36],"an":[37],"observed":[38],"maximum":[39],"of":[40,51],"80,660":[41],"km":[42],"(50,120":[43],"miles)":[44],"in":[45],"1918,":[46],"logistic":[49,80],"asymptote":[50],"84,208":[52],"km,":[53],"inflection":[54],"year":[55],"1901,":[56],"R":[58],"2":[59],"=":[60],"0.89.":[61],"report":[63],"cities":[64],"states":[66],"extent":[68],"timing,":[70],"show":[72],"that":[73],"most":[74],"city":[75],"series":[78],"follow":[79],"S-curves.":[81]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}