{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127046745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721","title":"Defense Mechanisms and Risky Behaviors Among College Students: The Mediating Role of Self-esteem","display_name":"Defense Mechanisms and Risky Behaviors Among College Students: The Mediating Role of Self-esteem","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127046745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5812/ijpbs-160721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721","pdf_url":"https://brieflands.com/journals/ijpbs/articles/160721.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900504","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1735-8639","issn":["1735-8639","1735-9287"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319134","host_organization_name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://brieflands.com/journals/ijpbs/articles/160721.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124740980","display_name":"Mansoureh Behzadinejad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162396","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Saveh","ror":"https://ror.org/053s4kp50","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210162396"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansoureh Behzadinejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management , Saveh Branch , Islamic Azad University , Saveh , Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management , Saveh Branch , Islamic Azad University , Saveh , Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021285519","display_name":"Somaye Robatmili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8888-0050","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8888-0050","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7154-7507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Somaye Robatmili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Governance , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Governance , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086378771","display_name":"Hamid Khanipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7706-5951","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7706-5951"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181744264","display_name":"Kharazmi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hsgex59","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181744264"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162396","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Saveh","ror":"https://ror.org/053s4kp50","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210162396"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Khanipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran","Faculty of Governance, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","Institute for Educational, Psychological and Social Research, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162396"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Governance, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Educational, Psychological and Social Research, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181744264"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021285519"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1167,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83301532,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.1770000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.1770000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.10700000077486038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14085","display_name":"Student Stress and Coping","score":0.08760000020265579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-mechanisms","display_name":"defense mechanisms","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-taking","display_name":"risk-taking","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-esteem","display_name":"self-esteem","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immature-defense-mechanisms","display_name":"immature defense mechanisms","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotic-defense-mechanisms","display_name":"neurotic defense mechanisms","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mature-defense-mechanisms","display_name":"mature defense mechanisms","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation","display_name":"mediation","score":0.6209999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7368999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94612546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540168","display_name":"Neuroticism","level":3,"score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5203999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993311118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51379","display_name":"Positive relationship","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7687120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2866472","display_name":"Defence mechanisms","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5812/ijpbs-160721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721","pdf_url":"https://brieflands.com/journals/ijpbs/articles/160721.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900504","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1735-8639","issn":["1735-8639","1735-9287"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319134","host_organization_name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5812/ijpbs-160721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-160721","pdf_url":"https://brieflands.com/journals/ijpbs/articles/160721.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900504","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1735-8639","issn":["1735-8639","1735-9287"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319134","host_organization_name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.46521705389022827}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127046745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127046745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27769222","https://openalex.org/W1265269253","https://openalex.org/W1605176579","https://openalex.org/W1990926899","https://openalex.org/W1999605592","https://openalex.org/W2021360481","https://openalex.org/W2026484444","https://openalex.org/W2062478855","https://openalex.org/W2073305048","https://openalex.org/W2073761731","https://openalex.org/W2084478597","https://openalex.org/W2091749315","https://openalex.org/W2109223853","https://openalex.org/W2122644021","https://openalex.org/W2125459839","https://openalex.org/W2125788349","https://openalex.org/W2134030841","https://openalex.org/W2135055167","https://openalex.org/W2144781063","https://openalex.org/W2146793429","https://openalex.org/W2157982538","https://openalex.org/W2221951317","https://openalex.org/W2244894287","https://openalex.org/W2315437849","https://openalex.org/W2516444246","https://openalex.org/W2518646618","https://openalex.org/W2754148598","https://openalex.org/W2903146219","https://openalex.org/W2912905337","https://openalex.org/W3008233963","https://openalex.org/W3162617553","https://openalex.org/W3164429553","https://openalex.org/W4238174105","https://openalex.org/W4295047807","https://openalex.org/W4296957015","https://openalex.org/W4317750113","https://openalex.org/W4366691422","https://openalex.org/W4368362863","https://openalex.org/W4379052938","https://openalex.org/W4390911071","https://openalex.org/W4402449598","https://openalex.org/W4404292542"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Risky":[1],"behaviors":[2,32,103,144,198],"among":[3,33],"college":[4,34],"students":[5,50,213,231],"have":[6],"been":[7],"considered":[8],"a":[9,43,137,190],"major":[10],"problem":[11],"in":[12,142,217,238],"every":[13],"country.":[14],"Objectives:":[15],"The":[16,72,122,220],"aim":[17],"of":[18,124,140,204,222,230],"this":[19,223],"study":[20,41,126,224],"was":[21,178],"to":[22,53,136,180,227,234],"investigate":[23],"how":[24],"defense":[25,99,132,160,173,205,211],"mechanisms":[26,100,133,161,174,206],"and":[27,79,106,130,162,175],"self-esteem":[28,109,149,187],"could":[29],"explain":[30],"risk-taking":[31],"students.":[35],"Methods:":[36],"This":[37],"is":[38],"an":[39],"analytic":[40],"with":[42,209],"correlation":[44],"design.":[45],"Participants":[46],"were":[47,84,134],"410":[48],"undergraduate":[49],"aged":[51],"18":[52],"24":[54],"from":[55],"universities":[56],"across":[57],"Tehran":[58],"during":[59],"the":[60,76,80,94,125,152,157,163,169,202,228],"academic":[61],"year":[62],"2023":[63],"-":[64],"2024":[65],"(female":[66],"=":[67,70,111],"250,":[68],"male":[69],"160).":[71],"Defense":[73],"Styles":[74],"Questionnaire,":[75],"Risk-Taking":[77],"Scale,":[78],"Rosenberg":[81],"Self-Esteem":[82],"Scale":[83],"used":[85],"for":[86],"data":[87],"collection.":[88],"Results:":[89],"Structural":[90],"equation":[91],"modeling":[92],"validated":[93],"proposed":[95],"model,":[96],"demonstrating":[97],"that":[98,128,155,186,199],"predict":[101],"risky":[102,143,166,176,197,218],"both":[104],"directly":[105],"indirectly":[107],"through":[108],"(Chisq/df":[110],"2.08;":[112],"CFI":[113],">":[114,117],"0.9;":[115],"AGFI":[116],"0.8;":[118],"RMSEA":[119],"<":[120,146],"0.08).":[121],"results":[123],"revealed":[127],"immature":[129],"neurotic":[131],"linked":[135],"higher":[138],"likelihood":[139],"engaging":[141],"(P":[145],"0.05).":[147],"Additionally,":[148],"functions":[150,188],"as":[151,189],"psychological":[153],"mechanism":[154],"mediates":[156],"connection":[158],"between":[159,171],"tendency":[164],"towards":[165],"behavior.":[167],"Notably,":[168],"association":[170],"mature":[172,210],"behavior":[177],"found":[179],"be":[181],"non-significant.":[182],"Conclusions:":[183],"It":[184],"appears":[185],"trans-diagnostic":[191],"construct,":[192],"offering":[193],"predictive":[194],"insights":[195],"into":[196],"extend":[200],"beyond":[201],"influence":[203],"alone.":[207],"Even":[208],"mechanisms,":[212],"may":[214],"still":[215],"engage":[216],"behaviors.":[219],"findings":[221],"are":[225,241],"confined":[226],"group":[229],"and,":[232],"due":[233],"its":[235],"cross-sectional":[236],"nature":[237],"establishing":[239],"causality,":[240],"not":[242],"comprehensive.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-19T09:35:57.686232","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}