{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127045843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027","title":"The Role of Heterogeneous Catalyst Transesterification in Single Droplet Combustion of Soybean Oil Based Biodiesel","display_name":"The Role of Heterogeneous Catalyst Transesterification in Single Droplet Combustion of Soybean Oil Based Biodiesel","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127045843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31603/ae.15027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027","pdf_url":"https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/article/download/15027/6412","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210456","display_name":"Automotive Experiences","issn_l":"2615-6202","issn":["2615-6202","2615-6636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315145","host_organization_name":"Universitas Muhammdiyah Magelang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Universitas Muhammdiyah Magelang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automotive Experiences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/article/download/15027/6412","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124699242","display_name":"Haidar Hanief","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160095","display_name":"Universitas Islam Malang","ror":"https://ror.org/05ghynn27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haidar Hanief","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124727103","display_name":"Arya Radya Guntur Pamungkas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160095","display_name":"Universitas Islam Malang","ror":"https://ror.org/05ghynn27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arya Radya Guntur Pamungkas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010249276","display_name":"Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6021-3719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6021-3719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sophia University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6021-3719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sophia University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071105649","display_name":"Willyanto Anggono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-7264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-7264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114202661","display_name":"Petra Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/045e97x26","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114202661"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Willyanto Anggono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petra Christian University, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-7264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petra Christian University, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114202661"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082375447","display_name":"Cepi Yazirin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5672-1023","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5672-1023","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4649-5681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160095","display_name":"Universitas Islam Malang","ror":"https://ror.org/05ghynn27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cepi Yazirin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5672-1023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090572132","display_name":"Muhammad Akhlis Rizza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1696-6120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1696-6120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261658","display_name":"Politeknik Negeri Malang","ror":"https://ror.org/05n29k456","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261658"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Akhlis Rizza","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Polytechnic of Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1696-6120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Polytechnic of Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261658"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080099236","display_name":"Ena Marlina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4206-7102","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4206-7102"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160095","display_name":"Universitas Islam Malang","ror":"https://ror.org/05ghynn27","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ena Marlina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4206-7102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080099236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160095"],"apc_list":{"value":275,"currency":"USD","value_usd":275},"apc_paid":{"value":275,"currency":"USD","value_usd":275},"fwci":0.5078,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51345183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"703","last_page":"715"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.06989999860525131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiesel","display_name":"biodiesel","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soybean-oil","display_name":"soybean oil","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transesterification","display_name":"transesterification","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-catalysts","display_name":"heterogeneous catalysts","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-droplet-combustion","display_name":"single droplet combustion","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignition-delay-time","display_name":"ignition delay","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/droplet-lifetime","display_name":"droplet lifetime","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-temperature","display_name":"peak temperature","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methyl-linoleate","display_name":"methyl linoleate","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petroleum-diesel-comparison","display_name":"petroleum diesel comparison","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-fuels","display_name":"renewable fuels","score":0.531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777241282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591576","display_name":"Transesterification","level":3,"score":0.8101000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52896960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167947","display_name":"Biodiesel","level":3,"score":0.7638999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.6876000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159063594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382","display_name":"Ignition system","level":2,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548895740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656","display_name":"Petroleum","level":2,"score":0.5432999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180260311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423543","display_name":"Animal fat","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926892","display_name":"Soybean oil","level":2,"score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175461058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107002401","display_name":"Vegetable oil refining","level":4,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169403781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059843","display_name":"Petroleum product","level":3,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64127748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558378","display_name":"Autoignition temperature","level":3,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779096019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4739805","display_name":"Vegetable oil","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106169591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909434","display_name":"Combustion chamber","level":3,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52208190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313121","display_name":"Renewable fuels","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780804531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174174","display_name":"Diesel engine","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66910140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905957","display_name":"Biodiesel production","level":4,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31603/ae.15027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027","pdf_url":"https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/article/download/15027/6412","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210456","display_name":"Automotive Experiences","issn_l":"2615-6202","issn":["2615-6202","2615-6636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315145","host_organization_name":"Universitas Muhammdiyah Magelang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Universitas Muhammdiyah Magelang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automotive Experiences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:382d7f4fd3df48a2a0385a6913477175","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/382d7f4fd3df48a2a0385a6913477175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Automotive Experiences, Vol 8, Iss 3 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31603/ae.15027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.15027","pdf_url":"https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/article/download/15027/6412","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210456","display_name":"Automotive Experiences","issn_l":"2615-6202","issn":["2615-6202","2615-6636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315145","host_organization_name":"Universitas Muhammdiyah Magelang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Universitas Muhammdiyah Magelang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automotive Experiences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.7811999917030334}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331994","display_name":"Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127045843.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127045843.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W814023851","https://openalex.org/W1964252794","https://openalex.org/W2008701960","https://openalex.org/W2009394575","https://openalex.org/W2054002269","https://openalex.org/W2073314422","https://openalex.org/W2078889949","https://openalex.org/W2315607404","https://openalex.org/W2464692215","https://openalex.org/W2527274431","https://openalex.org/W2740852565","https://openalex.org/W2764601992","https://openalex.org/W2779562037","https://openalex.org/W2809352902","https://openalex.org/W2901263302","https://openalex.org/W2947999011","https://openalex.org/W2991585846","https://openalex.org/W3118742890","https://openalex.org/W4200255695","https://openalex.org/W4285317324","https://openalex.org/W4306175825","https://openalex.org/W4328053256","https://openalex.org/W4362722103","https://openalex.org/W4390266869","https://openalex.org/W4390893945","https://openalex.org/W4390990486","https://openalex.org/W4391519274","https://openalex.org/W4403707419","https://openalex.org/W4404054182","https://openalex.org/W4404794396","https://openalex.org/W4406518247","https://openalex.org/W4408252225","https://openalex.org/W4409011995","https://openalex.org/W4412440095","https://openalex.org/W4412720099","https://openalex.org/W4412981461","https://openalex.org/W4413097774","https://openalex.org/W4413274255","https://openalex.org/W4413375023","https://openalex.org/W4413758819","https://openalex.org/W4417079780","https://openalex.org/W7081952914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367851201","https://openalex.org/W2027801603","https://openalex.org/W1988871570","https://openalex.org/W4390266869","https://openalex.org/W2523416672","https://openalex.org/W4403214122","https://openalex.org/W2248637437","https://openalex.org/W2921672921","https://openalex.org/W7120800384","https://openalex.org/W4411501284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,131],"consumption":[1],"of":[2,34,113,134],"petroleum":[3,58,103,116],"fuel":[4,60],"in":[5,170],"Indonesia":[6],"is":[7,136],"increasing,":[8],"makes":[9],"the":[10,29,74,81,152,159],"globe":[11],"climate":[12],"change":[13],"a":[14,18,95],"lot.":[15],"Thus,":[16],"requiring":[17],"renewable":[19],"energy":[20],"alternative":[21],"source":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24,149],"biodiesel.":[25],"This":[26,156],"study":[27],"analyzed":[28],"single":[30],"droplet":[31,76,91,154],"combustion":[32,70,132,173],"characteristics":[33],"soybean":[35],"oil-based":[36],"biodiesel":[37,163],"produced":[38],"via":[39,165],"transesterification":[40,167],"using":[41],"two":[42],"heterogeneous":[43],"catalysts:":[44],"papaya":[45,49],"leaf":[46,50],"(PL)":[47],"and":[48,80,107,127,144],"combined":[51],"with":[52,138],"animal":[53],"bone":[54],"(PLAB).":[55],"For":[56],"comparison,":[57],"diesel":[59,104,117],"also":[61],"tested.":[62],"Results":[63],"show":[64],"that":[65,158],"catalyst":[66,160],"origin":[67],"significantly":[68],"influences":[69],"behavior.":[71],"PL":[72,128],"exhibited":[73],"longest":[75],"lifetime":[77,92],"7,135":[78],"mm/s2":[79],"highest":[82],"peak":[83,97],"temperature":[84,98],"(546":[85],"\u00b0C),":[86,100,109],"while":[87],"PLAB":[88,124,135],"showed":[89],"shorter":[90],"5,001":[93],"s/mm2and":[94],"lower":[96],"(467":[99],"closer":[101],"to":[102],"(4,081":[105],"s/mm2":[106],"254":[108],"respectively).":[110],"In":[111],"terms":[112],"ignition":[114],"delay,":[115],"ignited":[118],"fastest":[119],"(3,528":[120],"s/mm2),":[121],"followed":[122],"by":[123,151],"(4,837":[125],"s/mm2)":[126],"(0,612":[129],"s/mm2).":[130],"behavior":[133],"correlated":[137],"its":[139],"higher":[140],"FAME":[141],"purity":[142],"(98%)":[143],"methyl":[145],"linoleate":[146],"content":[147],"(43.69%),":[148],"reflected":[150],"reduced":[153],"lifetime.":[155],"suggests":[157],"primarily":[161],"improves":[162],"quality":[164],"enhanced":[166],"efficiency,":[168],"which":[169],"turn":[171],"affects":[172],"characteristics.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}