{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127042984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","title":"Tobacco smoking is not associated with primary open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Tobacco smoking is not associated with primary open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127042984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41627566","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12864230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47727624","display_name":"International Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0165-5701","issn":["0165-5701","1573-2630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7127042984"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064386404","display_name":"Saajan Ramji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7225-8748","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7225-8748"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800484787","display_name":"London North West Healthcare NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/04cntmc13","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800484787"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saajan Ramji","raw_affiliation_strings":["North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800484787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124712551","display_name":"Sohail Daniel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802144681","display_name":"Bolton NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03y9bvk93","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802144681"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163695","display_name":"Royal Bolton Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/053fx7g25","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163695"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohail Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802144681","https://openalex.org/I4210163695"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126605540","display_name":"Abdus Samad Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5135-8032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5135-8032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325675289","display_name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03zaddr67","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325675289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153400","display_name":"King's College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/044nptt90","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111135","https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdus Samad Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's Ophthalmology Research Unit (KORU), Department of Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital, London, UK","Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's Ophthalmology Research Unit (KORU), Department of Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325675289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070533172","display_name":"Timothy L. Jackson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7618-1555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7618-1555"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153400","display_name":"King's College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/044nptt90","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111135","https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy L. Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's Ophthalmology Research Unit (KORU), Department of Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital, London, UK","School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's Ophthalmology Research Unit (KORU), Department of Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016223948","display_name":"Abdulmalik Alsaif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-6356","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-6356"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098844","display_name":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zrhbg82","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmalik Alsaif","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KKESH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KKESH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074758411","display_name":"Obeda Kailani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6623-1720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6623-1720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153400","display_name":"King's College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/044nptt90","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111135","https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Obeda Kailani","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's Ophthalmology Research Unit (KORU), Department of Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital, London, UK. ok@okvisionclinic.com","School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. ok@okvisionclinic.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's Ophthalmology Research Unit (KORU), Department of Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital, London, UK. ok@okvisionclinic.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. ok@okvisionclinic.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074758411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I4210153400"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"fwci":2.5625,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8284658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"1","first_page":"96","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13467","display_name":"Drug-Induced Ocular Toxicity","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking","display_name":"smoking","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-open-angle-glaucoma","display_name":"primary open-angle glaucoma","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation","display_name":"smoking cessation","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma-risk-factors","display_name":"glaucoma risk factors","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-health","display_name":"eye health","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-of-bias","display_name":"risk of bias","score":0.6830000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.974399983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5717999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777843972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2462253","display_name":"Smoking cessation","level":2,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019190695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7212330","display_name":"Tobacco use","level":3,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62724370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7811505","display_name":"Tobacco harm reduction","level":4,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98265973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413651","display_name":"Pack-year","level":3,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019085024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7212330","display_name":"Cigarette smoking","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993680756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242345","display_name":"Smoking prevalence","level":3,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020319730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242345","display_name":"Smoking epidemiology","level":3,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152848526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7811506","display_name":"Tobacco in Alabama","level":5,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000073869","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000073869","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005902","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma, Open-Angle","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005902","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma, Open-Angle","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005902","descriptor_name":"Glaucoma, Open-Angle","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007429","descriptor_name":"Intraocular Pressure","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47727624","display_name":"International Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0165-5701","issn":["0165-5701","1573-2630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11671812","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12864230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:41627566","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41627566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International ophthalmology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12864230","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12864230/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int Ophthalmol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10792-026-03944-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47727624","display_name":"International Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0165-5701","issn":["0165-5701","1573-2630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127042984.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127042984.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98269471","https://openalex.org/W114931209","https://openalex.org/W156692194","https://openalex.org/W182201849","https://openalex.org/W1603519445","https://openalex.org/W1951944286","https://openalex.org/W1965310145","https://openalex.org/W1970187158","https://openalex.org/W1972585173","https://openalex.org/W1975414559","https://openalex.org/W1989662665","https://openalex.org/W1991983928","https://openalex.org/W1992653534","https://openalex.org/W1993747543","https://openalex.org/W2010703166","https://openalex.org/W2019270582","https://openalex.org/W2020175163","https://openalex.org/W2022352073","https://openalex.org/W2027759113","https://openalex.org/W2033794900","https://openalex.org/W2034742711","https://openalex.org/W2037257936","https://openalex.org/W2045247539","https://openalex.org/W2045735587","https://openalex.org/W2057266151","https://openalex.org/W2070931967","https://openalex.org/W2072058013","https://openalex.org/W2075377100","https://openalex.org/W2081280195","https://openalex.org/W2089443787","https://openalex.org/W2089944736","https://openalex.org/W2095093319","https://openalex.org/W2096389120","https://openalex.org/W2098083646","https://openalex.org/W2102337184","https://openalex.org/W2106523452","https://openalex.org/W2108437390","https://openalex.org/W2116493905","https://openalex.org/W2120711134","https://openalex.org/W2126501499","https://openalex.org/W2126521036","https://openalex.org/W2131273561","https://openalex.org/W2135568042","https://openalex.org/W2137221550","https://openalex.org/W2140207819","https://openalex.org/W2140594570","https://openalex.org/W2147093603","https://openalex.org/W2147249742","https://openalex.org/W2150710228","https://openalex.org/W2153432038","https://openalex.org/W2153471677","https://openalex.org/W2249691923","https://openalex.org/W2308032647","https://openalex.org/W2331665815","https://openalex.org/W2346457436","https://openalex.org/W2346619519","https://openalex.org/W2411098478","https://openalex.org/W2515696386","https://openalex.org/W2521776509","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2567842442","https://openalex.org/W2625466669","https://openalex.org/W2783309843","https://openalex.org/W2791562026","https://openalex.org/W2901497746","https://openalex.org/W3010978801","https://openalex.org/W3034485042","https://openalex.org/W3131963404","https://openalex.org/W4214882427","https://openalex.org/W4285491641","https://openalex.org/W4291110437","https://openalex.org/W4320709606","https://openalex.org/W4377836082","https://openalex.org/W4389138368","https://openalex.org/W4390536021","https://openalex.org/W4393132304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390988785","https://openalex.org/W2515696386","https://openalex.org/W6939779228","https://openalex.org/W2346457436","https://openalex.org/W1993747543","https://openalex.org/W2045247539","https://openalex.org/W1970187158","https://openalex.org/W7147026019","https://openalex.org/W2588176738","https://openalex.org/W2131273561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"This":[1],"systematic":[2],"review":[3],"explores":[4],"the":[5,11,20,30,42,81,98,119,250,263,273,287],"relationship":[6],"between":[7,32,44,83,121,257],"tobacco":[8,33,45,84,122,180,258,270,281],"smoking":[9,34,46,85,123,181,259,271,282],"and":[10,35,47,53,71,86,104,124,131,178,217,260,266,272,278],"development":[12],"of":[13,23,55,100,102,138,141,219,232,240,246,289],"primary":[14],"open-angle":[15],"glaucoma":[16,36],"(POAG).":[17],"Glaucoma":[18],"is":[19],"leading":[21],"cause":[22],"irreversible":[24],"blindness":[25],"worldwide.":[26],"Prior":[27],"literature":[28],"investigating":[29],"link":[31],"has":[37],"reported":[38],"contradictory":[39],"findings":[40],"on":[41,238,276],"association":[43,82,120,198,256],"POAG.":[48,125,142],"METHODS:":[49],"Systematically":[50],"EMBASE,":[51],"MEDLINE,":[52],"Web":[54],"Science":[56],"were":[57,106,114],"searched,":[58],"encompassing":[59],"articles":[60],"published":[61],"up":[62],"until":[63],"April":[64],"2025.":[65],"The":[66,91,111,143,230],"inclusion":[67],"criteria":[68],"comprised":[69],"observational":[70,228],"randomised":[72],"controlled":[73],"studies":[74,103,130,241],"that":[75,117,146],"provided":[76],"a":[77,136,243],"statistical":[78,255],"analysis":[79],"exploring":[80],"POAG":[87,200],"in":[88],"adult":[89],"populations.":[90],"ROBINS-E":[92],"tool":[93],"was":[94,135,221,236],"utilised":[95],"to":[96,203,213],"assess":[97],"risk":[99,218,245],"bias":[101,220],"meta-analyses":[105,144],"completed":[107],"using":[108],"RevMan":[109],"software.":[110],"main":[112],"outcomes":[113],"effect":[115,235],"estimates":[116],"measured":[118],"RESULTS:":[126],"Across":[127],"26":[128],"eligible":[129],"289,930":[132],"participants,":[133],"there":[134],"prevalence":[137],"6,454":[139],"cases":[140],"revealed":[145],"current":[147,177],"smokers":[148,161],"(OR":[149,162,183],"=":[150,155,158,163,168,171,184,189,192],"1.00,":[151,185,190],"95%CI":[152,165,186],"0.76-1.33,":[153],"p":[154,167,188],"0.97,":[156],"n":[157,170,191],"11),":[159],"past":[160,179],"0.92,":[164],"0.75-1.11,":[166],"0.38,":[169],"6)":[172],"as":[173,175,224],"well":[174],"both":[176],"combined":[182],"0.84-1.19,":[187],"17)":[193],"exhibited":[194],"no":[195,253],"statistically":[196],"significant":[197,254],"with":[199,242,269],"when":[201],"compared":[202],"individuals":[204],"who":[205],"had":[206],"never":[207],"smoked.":[208],"Heterogeneity":[209],"ranged":[210],"from":[211],"low":[212],"substantial":[214,264],"across":[215],"comparisons,":[216],"frequently":[222],"rated":[223],"high":[225,244],"among":[226],"included":[227],"studies.":[229],"lack":[231],"an":[233],"associative":[234],"sustained,":[237],"exclusion":[239],"bias.":[247],"CONCLUSION:":[248],"Although":[249],"results":[251],"suggest":[252],"POAG,":[261],"given":[262],"morbidity":[265],"mortality":[267],"associated":[268],"detrimental":[274],"impact":[275],"systemic":[277],"ocular":[279],"health,":[280],"cessation":[283],"should":[284],"remain":[285],"at":[286],"forefront":[288],"health":[290],"promotion.":[291],"PROSPERO":[292],"registration":[293],"ID:":[294],"CRD42023409440.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
