{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127040723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","title":"Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Plastic by Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Waste Disposal Sites in Urban Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","display_name":"Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Plastic by Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Waste Disposal Sites in Urban Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127040723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","pdf_url":"https://ijbr.com.pk/IJBR/article/download/2788/2589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663325","display_name":"Indus journal of bioscience research.","issn_l":"2960-2793","issn":["2960-2793","2960-2807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indus Journal of Bioscience Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ijbr.com.pk/IJBR/article/download/2788/2589","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004969762","display_name":"Qaisar Shah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qaisar Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124722737","display_name":"Saddam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040408457","display_name":"Lalina Maroof","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lalina Maroof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101632175","display_name":"Nadeem Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0349-3907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0349-3907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002800605","display_name":"Khadija Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8992-8493","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8992-8493","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5872-429X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khadija Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124706660","display_name":"Attiqa Raza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Attiqa Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124711335","display_name":"Ruqia Hayat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqia Hayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124721612","display_name":"Faiza Noor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiza Noor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128782786","display_name":"Bilal Musa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Musa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124728429","display_name":"Hilal Saeed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilal Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.523,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72709944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"197","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":0.7265999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":0.7265999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10324","display_name":"Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants","score":0.23729999363422394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10661","display_name":"biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties","score":0.025699999183416367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-density-polyethylene","display_name":"low-density polyethylene","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plastic-biodegradation","display_name":"plastic biodegradation","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staphylococcus","display_name":"Staphylococcus","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-bacteria","display_name":"soil bacteria","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-disposal-sites","display_name":"waste disposal sites","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbonyl-index","display_name":"carbonyl index","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peshawar","display_name":"Peshawar","score":0.6119999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143429","display_name":"Polyethylene","level":2,"score":0.7123000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157021035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q696715","display_name":"Biodegradation","level":2,"score":0.7014999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777292513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4370258","display_name":"Plastic film","level":3,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193258505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498439","display_name":"Plastic bag","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778660310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177998","display_name":"Agar","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779429693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274959","display_name":"Distilled water","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88380143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416674","display_name":"Dissolution","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776866176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146368","display_name":"Polyvinyl chloride","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108458091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033818","display_name":"Low-density polyethylene","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148761745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1563203","display_name":"Sterilization (economics)","level":4,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020383963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste disposal","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196222841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839252","display_name":"Microbial biodegradation","level":4,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776540798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62246","display_name":"Polycarbonate","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778218555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250423","display_name":"Lime","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778138406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3116840","display_name":"Potato dextrose agar","level":4,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","pdf_url":"https://ijbr.com.pk/IJBR/article/download/2788/2589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663325","display_name":"Indus journal of bioscience research.","issn_l":"2960-2793","issn":["2960-2793","2960-2807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indus Journal of Bioscience Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v4i1.2788","pdf_url":"https://ijbr.com.pk/IJBR/article/download/2788/2589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663325","display_name":"Indus journal of bioscience research.","issn_l":"2960-2793","issn":["2960-2793","2960-2807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indus Journal of Bioscience Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127040723.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127040723.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181078307","https://openalex.org/W2577468633","https://openalex.org/W2694486066","https://openalex.org/W2884989805","https://openalex.org/W2902912844","https://openalex.org/W2984073540","https://openalex.org/W3017311255","https://openalex.org/W3021591696","https://openalex.org/W3027505274","https://openalex.org/W3034117564","https://openalex.org/W3039153875","https://openalex.org/W3089918707","https://openalex.org/W3110771434","https://openalex.org/W3112417815","https://openalex.org/W3131491068","https://openalex.org/W3160155616","https://openalex.org/W3164459112","https://openalex.org/W3195376271","https://openalex.org/W3204722255","https://openalex.org/W4221019599","https://openalex.org/W4281559262","https://openalex.org/W4289546328","https://openalex.org/W4293176128","https://openalex.org/W4304782272","https://openalex.org/W4312037580","https://openalex.org/W4312053126","https://openalex.org/W4317528852","https://openalex.org/W4391849062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409521025","https://openalex.org/W3195897312","https://openalex.org/W1963483195","https://openalex.org/W4410952240","https://openalex.org/W2792020941","https://openalex.org/W4385718349","https://openalex.org/W7160333794","https://openalex.org/W3080227271","https://openalex.org/W4317434891","https://openalex.org/W7116752459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Polyethylene":[1,29],"(PE),":[2],"a":[3,73,82,169,263],"polymer":[4],"of":[5,8,12,39,51,62,75,104,119,125,196,202,216,225],"ethylene,":[6],"comprises":[7],"long":[9],"chain":[10],"backbone":[11],"carbon":[13,252],"atom":[14],"and":[15,24,42,96,139,159,230,242,250,262,272],"hydrogen,":[16],"which":[17,269],"are":[18,25],"linked":[19],"covalently":[20],"to":[21,34,102,229,232,259],"each":[22],"other":[23],"derived":[26],"from":[27,59,85],"petrochemicals.":[28],"is":[30],"widely":[31],"used":[32],"due":[33],"its":[35],"low":[36,52],"cost,":[37],"ease":[38],"production,":[40],"versatility":[41],"durability.":[43],"Aims:":[44],"The":[45,193,254],"current":[46],"research":[47],"study":[48,255],"explores":[49],"biodegradation":[50],"density":[53],"polyethylene":[54],"by":[55,115,148],"Staphylococcus":[56,226],"species,":[57],"isolated":[58],"various":[60,90,223,243],"site":[61],"waste":[63],"disposal":[64,92],"in":[65,94,98,122,266],"District":[66],"Peshawar.":[67,109],"Methodology:":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"Experimental":[71],"study,":[72],"total":[74,251,267],"20":[76],"soil":[77,120],"samples":[78,121],"were":[79,151,160,174],"collected":[80],"using":[81],"sterile":[83,99,126],"forceps":[84],"5-15":[86],"cm":[87],"depth":[88],"at":[89,154,187],"trash":[91],"sites":[93],"Peshawar":[95],"transported":[97],"zipper":[100],"bags":[101],"Department":[103],"health":[105],"sciences,":[106],"City":[107],"University":[108],"A":[110],"stock":[111],"solution":[112],"was":[113,136,182,198,208,220],"made":[114],"dissolving":[116],"1":[117],"gram":[118],"9":[123],"mL":[124],"distilled":[127],"water.":[128],"To":[129],"get":[130],"pure":[131],"bacterial":[132],"isolates,":[133],"serial":[134],"dilutions":[135],"carried":[137],"out":[138],"inoculated":[140],"on":[141],"mannitol":[142],"salt":[143],"agar":[144],"(MSA)":[145],"media,":[146],"followed":[147],"sub-culturing.":[149],"Films":[150],"heat":[152,186],"treated":[153,184],"70oC":[155],"for":[156,189],"10":[157],"days":[158,207],"further":[161,183],"irradiated":[162],"with":[163,185,213],"Ultra":[164],"Violet":[165],"rays":[166],"(365nm).":[167],"Using":[168],"sharp":[170],"blade":[171],"these":[172,203],"films":[173,261],"sliced":[175],"into":[176],"2/2cm":[177],"2":[178],"pieces.":[179],"Each":[180],"film":[181],"70\u00b0C":[188],"250":[190],"hours.":[191],"Results:":[192],"initial":[194],"weight":[195,201,240],"plastic":[197,204,235,260],"0.00745,":[199],"while":[200],"after":[205,211],"90":[206],"recorded":[209],"0.08577":[210],"loss":[212,241],"carbonyl":[214],"index":[215],"0.8686.":[217],"Conclusion:":[218],"It":[219],"found":[221],"that":[222],"species":[224],"could":[227],"attach":[228],"helps":[231],"partially":[233],"degrade":[234],"films,":[236],"as":[237],"confirmed":[238],"through":[239],"analytical":[244],"techniques":[245],"like":[246],"XRD,":[247],"FE-SEM,":[248],"FTIR":[249],"analysis.":[253],"observed":[256],"surface":[257],"damage":[258],"slight":[264],"reduction":[265],"carbon,":[268],"indicates":[270],"slow":[271],"surface-confined":[273],"biodegradation.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}