{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126097247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","title":"Extensive Endemic Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bhutan: A Retrospective Genomic-Epidemiological Study","display_name":"Extensive Endemic Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bhutan: A Retrospective Genomic-Epidemiological Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126097247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41626299","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12853382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735126445","display_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2328-8957","issn":["2328-8957"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070184762","display_name":"Thinley Dorji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-8704","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-8704"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thinley Dorji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Kanglung Hospital , Trashigang ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kanglung Hospital , Trashigang ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001835525","display_name":"Karchung Tshering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3025-3784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3025-3784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107090","display_name":"Royal Centre for Disease Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00z18yv90","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897","https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karchung Tshering","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028322334","display_name":"Lila Adhikari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-0336","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-0336"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107090","display_name":"Royal Centre for Disease Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00z18yv90","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897","https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lila Adhikari","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001807114","display_name":"Thinley Jamtsho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107090","display_name":"Royal Centre for Disease Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00z18yv90","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897","https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thinley Jamtsho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025619014","display_name":"Pavitra Bhujel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107090","display_name":"Royal Centre for Disease Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00z18yv90","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897","https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavitra Bhujel","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086127954","display_name":"Pema Lhaden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107090","display_name":"Royal Centre for Disease Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00z18yv90","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897","https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pema Lhaden","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103048452","display_name":"Sonam Wangchuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7384-1175","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7384-1175"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107090","display_name":"Royal Centre for Disease Control","ror":"https://ror.org/00z18yv90","country_code":"BT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094897","https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}],"countries":["BT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonam Wangchuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health , Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026329288","display_name":"Wytamma Wirth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-0078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-0078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wytamma Wirth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-0078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086443313","display_name":"Kristy Horan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2636-7820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2636-7820","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-1519"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristy Horan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023909216","display_name":"J. V. Denholm","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158168","display_name":"Melbourne Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04z4kmw33","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin T Denholm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne , Melbourne,Victoria ,","Department of Infectious Diseases, Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne , Melbourne,Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040256275","display_name":"Norelle L. Sherry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-8360","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-8360"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163497","display_name":"Austin Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05dbj6g52","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163497"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norelle L Sherry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Austin Health , Heidelberg, Victoria ,","Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Austin Health , Heidelberg, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163497"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060722608","display_name":"Michelle L. Sait","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8782-6128","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8782-6128"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Sait","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058500554","display_name":"Timothy P. Stinear","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-123X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-123X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy P Stinear","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Pathogen Genomics, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Instutute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Pathogen Genomics, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Instutute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002105758","display_name":"Benjamin P. Howden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-1473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-1473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163497","display_name":"Austin Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05dbj6g52","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163497"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin P Howden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Austin Health , Heidelberg, Victoria ,","Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Pathogen Genomics, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Instutute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-1473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Austin Health , Heidelberg, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163497"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Pathogen Genomics, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Instutute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020422477","display_name":"Patiyan Andersson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-1847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-1847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105123","display_name":"Peter Doherty Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016899r71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patiyan Andersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Victoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002105758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595","https://openalex.org/I4210105123","https://openalex.org/I4210163497"],"apc_list":{"value":4053,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4053},"apc_paid":{"value":4053,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4053},"fwci":0.6186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58590803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"ofaf802","last_page":"ofaf802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11316","display_name":"Mycobacterium research and diagnosis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-tuberculosis","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endemic-transmission","display_name":"endemic transmission","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genomic-epidemiology","display_name":"genomic epidemiology","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-genome-sequencing","display_name":"whole genome sequencing","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isoniazid-resistance","display_name":"isoniazid resistance","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clonal-transmission","display_name":"clonal transmission","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistance-mutations","display_name":"drug resistance mutations","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"contact tracing","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bhutan","display_name":"Bhutan","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-limited-settings","display_name":"resource-limited settings","score":0.722000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.758400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.7192000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189206191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomics","level":4,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992243407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525512","display_name":"Disease transmission","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910825464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506680","display_name":"Endemic diseases","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020808697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163564","display_name":"Case finding","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735126445","display_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2328-8957","issn":["2328-8957"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.05.668595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.05.668595","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/08/05/2025.08.05.668595.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11658908","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12853382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:41626299","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41626299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open forum infectious diseases","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12853382","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12853382/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Forum Infect Dis","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735126445","display_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"2328-8957","issn":["2328-8957"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9907000064849854,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1809291337","display_name":"Improving prevention, tracking and treatment of major human bacterial pathogens","funder_award_id":"1105905","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334705","funder_display_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334705","display_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/011kf5r70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126097247.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126097247.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W229097380","https://openalex.org/W1863711781","https://openalex.org/W1991874243","https://openalex.org/W2029808995","https://openalex.org/W2035642719","https://openalex.org/W2117801354","https://openalex.org/W2138244292","https://openalex.org/W2151409320","https://openalex.org/W2168358002","https://openalex.org/W2176621021","https://openalex.org/W2513727910","https://openalex.org/W2803413725","https://openalex.org/W2902271181","https://openalex.org/W2952463453","https://openalex.org/W2961052769","https://openalex.org/W2970329550","https://openalex.org/W2990618091","https://openalex.org/W3005235420","https://openalex.org/W3008867523","https://openalex.org/W3136232976","https://openalex.org/W3168924500","https://openalex.org/W3182149737","https://openalex.org/W3183010507","https://openalex.org/W3206129759","https://openalex.org/W4210816031","https://openalex.org/W4213006864","https://openalex.org/W4230096730","https://openalex.org/W4288058361","https://openalex.org/W4292993733","https://openalex.org/W4294334402","https://openalex.org/W4315701843","https://openalex.org/W4324020421","https://openalex.org/W4375863320","https://openalex.org/W4391919963","https://openalex.org/W4393084923","https://openalex.org/W4399570526","https://openalex.org/W4403311833","https://openalex.org/W7127910735"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558519010","https://openalex.org/W3130869322","https://openalex.org/W3184715093","https://openalex.org/W4402616697","https://openalex.org/W4213006864","https://openalex.org/W3208665756","https://openalex.org/W7161634945","https://openalex.org/W2089517887","https://openalex.org/W4393393484","https://openalex.org/W2472477340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2],"proportion":[3],"of":[4,79,84,88,130,134,144,168,194,200,237],"multidrug-resistant":[5],"tuberculosis":[6],"(MDR-TB)":[7],"cases":[8,158],"is":[9],"increasing":[10],"in":[11,32,65,202,213,239,242],"Bhutan.":[12,33],"We":[13],"conducted":[14],"the":[15,24,58,95,100,120,140,150,155,197,234],"first":[16],"retrospective":[17],"genomic-epidemiological":[18],"study":[19,152,232],"to":[20,72,123,191,205,208,245,249],"provide":[21],"insights":[22,248],"into":[23],"population":[25],"structure,":[26],"resistance":[27],"patterns,":[28],"and":[29,45,55,76,86,107,148,154,221,225],"recent":[30,209],"transmission":[31,211],"Methods":[34],"Whole":[35],"genome":[36],"sequencing":[37],"was":[38,70],"performed":[39,71],"on":[40],"randomly":[41],"selected":[42],"drug-resistant":[43],"(DR-TB)":[44],"drug-sensitive":[46],"TB":[47,240],"(DS-TB)":[48],"isolates":[49],"from":[50],"Bhutan,":[51],"collected":[52],"between":[53],"2018":[54],"2022":[56],"at":[57],"Microbiological":[59],"Diagnostic":[60],"Unit":[61],"Public":[62],"Health":[63],"Laboratory":[64],"Melbourne,":[66],"Australia.":[67],"Bioinformatic":[68],"analysis":[69,173],"identify":[73],"drug-resistance":[74],"mutations":[75],"genomic":[77,138],"clustering":[78],"cases.":[80],"Results":[81],"Approximately":[82],"40%":[83],"DR-TB":[85],"2.5%":[87],"DS-TB":[89],"were":[90,105,110,114,159],"sequenced":[91],"each":[92],"year.":[93],"Of":[94],"203":[96],"sequences":[97,135,147],"that":[98,181],"passed":[99],"quality":[101],"control,":[102],"126":[103],"(62.1%)":[104],"MDR-TB":[106,146,183,201,229],"15":[108],"(7.4%)":[109],"isoniazid-resistant":[111],"TB.":[112],"There":[113],"4":[115],"different":[116],"circulating":[117],"lineages,":[118],"with":[119,162,174],"majority":[121],"belonging":[122],"lineage":[124],"2":[125],"(86.2%).":[126],"Using":[127],"a":[128,163,186,214],"SNP-threshold":[129],"\u226412":[131],"SNPs,":[132],"71%":[133],"formed":[136,185],"12":[137],"clusters;":[139],"largest":[141],"comprised":[142],"88%":[143],"all":[145],"spanned":[149],"entire":[151],"period":[153],"country.":[156],"These":[157],"highly":[160],"clonal,":[161],"mean":[164],"pairwise":[165],"SNP":[166],"distance":[167],"10":[169],"(range":[170],"0\u201325).":[171],"Phylogenetic":[172],"publicly":[175],"available":[176],"international":[177],"sequence":[178],"data":[179],"showed":[180],"this":[182,228],"cluster":[184],"distinct":[187],"clade.":[188,230],"Conclusions":[189],"Contrary":[190],"current":[192],"assumptions":[193],"repeat":[195],"importations,":[196],"major":[198],"burden":[199],"Bhutan":[203],"appears":[204],"be":[206],"due":[207],"local":[210],"resulting":[212],"large":[215],"endemic":[216],"cluster,":[217],"advocating":[218],"for":[219,227],"targeted":[220],"enhanced":[222],"contact":[223],"tracing":[224],"screening":[226],"This":[231],"highlights":[233],"significant":[235],"value":[236],"investing":[238],"genomics":[241],"resource-limited":[243],"settings":[244],"gain":[246],"actionable":[247],"inform":[250],"policy":[251],"decisions.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}