{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125884845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580","title":"AI Detection Tools: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence and Their Implications for Education","display_name":"AI Detection Tools: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence and Their Implications for Education","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125884845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5782/2223-2621.1580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580","pdf_url":"https://kjhss.khazar.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1580&context=journal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174076","display_name":"Khazar journal of humanities and social sciences","issn_l":"2223-2613","issn":["2223-2613","2223-2621"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://kjhss.khazar.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1580&context=journal","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073192438","display_name":"Halime Nuran CANER","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3942-1131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3942-1131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197907453","display_name":"Akdeniz University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m59r132","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197907453"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Halime Nuran CANER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Akdeniz University, Antalya, TURK\u0130YE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Akdeniz University, Antalya, TURK\u0130YE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197907453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073192438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197907453"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4158,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58940023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"234","last_page":"246"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-detection-tools","display_name":"AI detection tools","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-integrity","display_name":"academic integrity","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-generated-text-detection","display_name":"AI-generated text detection","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-accuracy","display_name":"detection accuracy","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-native-english-speakers","display_name":"non-native English speakers","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-bias","display_name":"algorithmic bias","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-judgment","display_name":"human judgment","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-literacy","display_name":"AI literacy","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-based-assessment","display_name":"process-based assessment","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermarking","display_name":"watermarking","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-perceptions-of-ai","display_name":"student perceptions of AI","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogical-implications","display_name":"educational implications","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5414999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8795937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11862829","display_name":"Discipline","level":2,"score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119867837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119870","display_name":"Academic writing","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5782/2223-2621.1580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580","pdf_url":"https://kjhss.khazar.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1580&context=journal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174076","display_name":"Khazar journal of humanities and social sciences","issn_l":"2223-2613","issn":["2223-2613","2223-2621"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:localhost:20.500.12323/8232","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/8232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196472","display_name":"Khazar University Institutional Repository (Khazar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I113330528","host_organization_name":"Khazar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113330528"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5782/2223-2621.1580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.1580","pdf_url":"https://kjhss.khazar.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1580&context=journal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174076","display_name":"Khazar journal of humanities and social sciences","issn_l":"2223-2613","issn":["2223-2613","2223-2621"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125884845.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125884845.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214927078","https://openalex.org/W4362551436","https://openalex.org/W4367051110","https://openalex.org/W4378448767","https://openalex.org/W4383815588","https://openalex.org/W4385156842","https://openalex.org/W4385411519","https://openalex.org/W4385628481","https://openalex.org/W4386317922","https://openalex.org/W4387414057","https://openalex.org/W4387671615","https://openalex.org/W4388108480","https://openalex.org/W4390175962","https://openalex.org/W4391222332","https://openalex.org/W4393087042","https://openalex.org/W4396673785","https://openalex.org/W4401898303","https://openalex.org/W4401977607","https://openalex.org/W4402340204","https://openalex.org/W4403457328","https://openalex.org/W4405331273","https://openalex.org/W4409269614","https://openalex.org/W4411534675","https://openalex.org/W4411842024","https://openalex.org/W4413033417","https://openalex.org/W4415802132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204462071","https://openalex.org/W4415282254","https://openalex.org/W7169843937","https://openalex.org/W7166448951","https://openalex.org/W7219792656","https://openalex.org/W7167837544","https://openalex.org/W7203938324","https://openalex.org/W4390175962","https://openalex.org/W4415946090","https://openalex.org/W4403264082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,107,214],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,56,77,219,246],"generative":[4],"artificial":[5,57],"intelligence":[6,27,58],"has":[7],"significantly":[8],"transformed":[9],"academic":[10,24,119],"writing":[11],"practices,":[12],"prompting":[13],"institutions":[14],"to":[15,19,39,48,65,166],"implement":[16],"tools":[17,60,114],"designed":[18],"verify":[20],"authorship":[21],"and":[22,53,93,98,104,131,139,148,152,187,205,225,235,240],"uphold":[23],"integrity.":[25],"Artificial":[26],"detection":[28,113,134,227],"systems":[29],"have":[30],"emerged":[31],"as":[32],"a":[33,142],"prominent,":[34],"albeit":[35],"increasingly":[36],"debated":[37],"response":[38],"these":[40,181],"challenges.":[41],"This":[42,85,190],"systematic":[43],"review":[44,70,86,191],"synthesizes":[45,87],"empirical":[46,74,88],"evidence":[47],"assess":[49],"the":[50,170,193,217],"reliability,":[51],"fairness,":[52],"pedagogical":[54,186],"implications":[55],"text-detection":[59],"in":[61,122,133,145,172],"educational":[62,83],"settings.":[63,84],"Adhering":[64],"PRISMA":[66],"2020":[67],"standards,":[68],"this":[69],"identified":[71],"twenty-five":[72],"peer-reviewed":[73],"studies,":[75],"18":[76],"which":[78],"were":[79],"conducted":[80],"directly":[81],"within":[82],"studies":[89],"published":[90],"between":[91],"2022":[92],"2025,":[94],"encompassing":[95],"quantitative,":[96],"qualitative,":[97],"mixed-methods":[99],"designs":[100],"across":[101,136],"diverse":[102],"disciplinary":[103],"linguistic":[105,140],"contexts.":[106],"findings":[108,215],"indicate":[109],"that":[110,155,198,222],"AI":[111,201,232,247],"text":[112,176],"are":[115],"unsuitable":[116],"for":[117,195],"high-stakes":[118],"integrity":[120,196],"decisions":[121],"their":[123],"current":[124],"form.":[125],"Furthermore,":[126],"there":[127],"is":[128],"substantial":[129],"variability":[130],"instability":[132],"accuracy":[135],"tools,":[137],"genres,":[138],"backgrounds;":[141],"noticeable":[143],"weakness":[144],"paraphrasing,":[146],"translation,":[147],"other":[149],"adversarial":[150],"techniques;":[151],"systemic":[153],"biases":[154],"disproportionately":[156],"affect":[157],"non-native":[158],"English":[159],"writers.":[160],"Human":[161],"judgment":[162],"was":[163],"also":[164],"found":[165],"be":[167],"inconsistent,":[168],"reinforcing":[169],"difficulty":[171],"reliably":[173],"distinguishing":[174],"AI-generated":[175],"from":[177],"human-authored":[178],"text.":[179],"Collectively,":[180],"results":[182],"raise":[183],"significant":[184],"ethical,":[185],"institutional":[188],"concerns.":[189],"underscores":[192],"need":[194],"strategies":[197],"prioritize":[199],"transparency,":[200],"literacy,":[202],"fairness-aware":[203,226],"design,":[204],"process-based":[206],"assessment":[207],"rather":[208],"than":[209],"relying":[210],"on":[211,243],"detection-centered":[212],"approaches.":[213],"suggest":[216],"necessity":[218],"hybrid":[220],"approaches":[221],"combine":[223],"watermarking":[224],"algorithms":[228],"with":[229],"process-oriented":[230],"assessment,":[231],"literacy":[233],"initiatives,":[234],"cross-linguistic":[236],"benchmarking,":[237],"alongside":[238],"interpretability-focused":[239],"longitudinal":[241],"research":[242],"students\u2019":[244],"perceptions":[245],"detection.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-01-28T00:00:00"}
