{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125716396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","title":"An Hour-Specific Hybrid DNN\u2013SVR Framework for National-Scale Short-Term Load Forecasting","display_name":"An Hour-Specific Hybrid DNN\u2013SVR Framework for National-Scale Short-Term Load Forecasting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125716396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41682313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/26/3/797/pdf?version=1769327053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/26/3/797/pdf?version=1769327053","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008975123","display_name":"Ervin \u010ceperi\u0107","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ervin \u010ceperi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["HEP Telekomunikacije d.o.o., Kumi\u010di\u0107eva 13, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HEP Telekomunikacije d.o.o., Kumi\u010di\u0107eva 13, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080471570","display_name":"Kristijan Lenac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-4177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-4177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kristijan Lenac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-4177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matej\u010di\u0107 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080471570"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03617589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"3","first_page":"797","last_page":"797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-term-load-forecasting","display_name":"short-term load forecasting","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/day-ahead-load-forecasting","display_name":"day-ahead load forecasting","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-weather-prediction","display_name":"numerical weather prediction","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tigge","display_name":"TIGGE","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-forecast-integration","display_name":"weather forecast integration","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-operation","display_name":"power system operation","score":0.777999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6564000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5349000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4724000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21001229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182868","display_name":"Weather forecasting","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779990667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5953266","display_name":"Hybrid neural network","level":3,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62469222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092103","display_name":"Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)","level":5,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86155754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13636979","display_name":"Hybrid power","level":3,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/26/3/797/pdf?version=1769327053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41682313","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41682313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11706226","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12899336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82d14297f98a4a8d9e2bc6951e5c1e7f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82d14297f98a4a8d9e2bc6951e5c1e7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 26, Iss 3, p 797 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12899336","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12899336/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/26/3/797/pdf?version=1769327053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.878000020980835,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6933000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5351999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.48674848675727844,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125716396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125716396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967690950","https://openalex.org/W2023281112","https://openalex.org/W2083172453","https://openalex.org/W2126831543","https://openalex.org/W2128422078","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2660819698","https://openalex.org/W2786457891","https://openalex.org/W2975975302","https://openalex.org/W2990070043","https://openalex.org/W2996331899","https://openalex.org/W3008314711","https://openalex.org/W3008533347","https://openalex.org/W3105031020","https://openalex.org/W3113636312","https://openalex.org/W3169048777","https://openalex.org/W3212103416","https://openalex.org/W4200487551","https://openalex.org/W4206023940","https://openalex.org/W4284962670","https://openalex.org/W4312686336","https://openalex.org/W4378907409","https://openalex.org/W4388550577","https://openalex.org/W4389261544","https://openalex.org/W4391386073","https://openalex.org/W4404809772","https://openalex.org/W4409482842","https://openalex.org/W4410106730","https://openalex.org/W4411469757","https://openalex.org/W7120038691"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Short-term":[0],"load":[1,38,110],"forecasting":[2,131],"(STLF)":[3],"underpins":[4],"the":[5,70,75,97,106,121,126,154],"efficient":[6],"and":[7,16,111,138,182],"secure":[8],"operation":[9],"of":[10,50,93],"power":[11,196],"systems.":[12],"This":[13],"study":[14],"develops":[15],"evaluates":[17],"a":[18,57,62,143,160,171,179,188,194],"hybrid":[19,52,128,167],"architecture":[20],"that":[21],"couples":[22],"deep":[23,175],"neural":[24],"networks":[25],"(DNNs)":[26],"with":[27,109,174],"support":[28],"vector":[29],"regression":[30],"(SVR)":[31],"for":[32,61,193],"national-scale":[33],"day-ahead":[34,190],"STLF":[35,162,191],"using":[36,147],"Croatian":[37],"data":[39,104],"from":[40,105],"2006":[41],"to":[42,134],"2022.":[43],"The":[44],"approach":[45],"employs":[46],"an":[47,66,116,150,165],"hour-specific":[48,166],"framework":[49,98],"24":[51],"models:":[53],"each":[54],"DNN":[55],"learns":[56],"compact":[58],"nonlinear":[59],"representation":[60],"given":[63],"hour,":[64],"while":[65,141],"SVR":[67,148],"trained":[68],"on":[69],"penultimate":[71],"layer":[72],"activations":[73],"performs":[74],"final":[76],"regression.":[77],"Gradient-boosting-based":[78],"feature":[79],"selection":[80],"yields":[81],"compact,":[82],"informative":[83],"inputs":[84],"shared":[85],"across":[86],"all":[87],"model":[88],"variants.":[89],"To":[90],"overcome":[91],"limitations":[92],"historical":[94],"local":[95,112],"measurements,":[96],"integrates":[99],"global":[100,184],"numerical":[101],"weather":[102,185],"prediction":[103],"TIGGE":[107],"archive":[108],"meteorological":[113],"observations":[114],"in":[115],"operationally":[117],"realistic":[118],"setup.":[119],"In":[120],"held-out":[122],"test":[123],"year":[124],"2022,":[125],"proposed":[127],"consistently":[129],"reduced":[130],"error":[132],"relative":[133],"standalone":[135],"DNN-,":[136],"LSTM-":[137],"Transformer-based":[139],"baselines,":[140],"preserving":[142],"reproducible":[144],"pipeline.":[145],"Beyond":[146],"as":[149,157],"alternative":[151],"output":[152],"layer,":[153],"contributions":[155],"are":[156],"follows:":[158],"addressing":[159],"17-year":[161],"task,":[163],"proposing":[164],"DNN-SVR":[168],"framework,":[169],"providing":[170],"systematic":[172],"comparison":[173],"learning":[176],"baselines":[177],"under":[178],"unified":[180],"protocol,":[181],"integrating":[183],"forecasts":[186],"into":[187],"practical":[189],"solution":[192],"real":[195],"system.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-01-27T00:00:00"}