{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125587982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","title":"Enabling Episode-Level Transparency in Value-Based Care Through Large Language Model-Driven Provider Directories","display_name":"Enabling Episode-Level Transparency in Value-Based Care Through Large Language Model-Driven Provider Directories","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125587982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41737097","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12928537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.102219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/457273-enabling-episode-level-transparency-in-value-based-care-through-large-language-model-driven-provider-directories.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/457273-enabling-episode-level-transparency-in-value-based-care-through-large-language-model-driven-provider-directories.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089267833","display_name":"Amol Kodan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4823-6594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4823-6594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159098566","display_name":"Monroe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sz42a76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159098566"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amol Kodan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Health, Monroe University, New York City, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health, Monroe University, New York City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159098566"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089267833"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159098566"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4026,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87256203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"e102219","last_page":"e102219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9014000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9014000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.026599999517202377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11722","display_name":"Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-based-health-care","display_name":"value-based care","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bundled-payment","display_name":"bundled payment","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provider-ranking","display_name":"provider ranking","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-transparency","display_name":"cost transparency","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinations","display_name":"hallucinations","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbots","display_name":"chatbots","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-3-5-turbo","display_name":"GPT-3.5-turbo","score":0.9020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6474000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777683733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201456","display_name":"Directory","level":2,"score":0.6061000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316","display_name":"Emergency department","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781332184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7156780","display_name":"Payment by Results","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91262260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528074","display_name":"End user","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.102219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/457273-enabling-episode-level-transparency-in-value-based-care-through-large-language-model-driven-provider-directories.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41737097","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41737097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12928537","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12928537/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.102219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.102219","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/457273-enabling-episode-level-transparency-in-value-based-care-through-large-language-model-driven-provider-directories.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125587982.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125587982.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170266236","https://openalex.org/W177130145","https://openalex.org/W2010158189","https://openalex.org/W2147886517","https://openalex.org/W2934399013","https://openalex.org/W2966555834","https://openalex.org/W2982580298","https://openalex.org/W3103319283","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4400324908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7203647724","https://openalex.org/W7160254699","https://openalex.org/W4413039930","https://openalex.org/W4408789195","https://openalex.org/W7133332019","https://openalex.org/W7167082166","https://openalex.org/W7160495950","https://openalex.org/W7206162910","https://openalex.org/W4415591465","https://openalex.org/W7142522046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0,30],"provider":[1,55,74,122,172,185],"directories,":[2],"as":[3,149],"a":[4,8,69,137,150],"cornerstone":[5],"interface,":[6],"remain":[7],"critical":[9],"yet":[10],"structurally":[11],"fragile":[12],"component":[13],"of":[14,26,62,140],"the":[15,24,59,192],"United":[16],"States":[17],"healthcare":[18],"system,":[19],"limiting":[20],"transparency":[21,190],"and":[22,36,44,57,88,99,119,131,175,191],"constraining":[23],"effectiveness":[25],"value-based":[27],"care":[28,81],"(VBC).":[29],"directory":[31,75],"interfaces":[32],"lack":[33],"episode-level":[34],"cost":[35,87],"risk":[37],"context,":[38],"rely":[39],"on":[40],"rigid":[41],"search":[42],"paradigms,":[43],"can":[45,187],"contain":[46],"inaccurate":[47],"or":[48],"incomplete":[49],"information.":[50],"These":[51],"deficiencies":[52],"hinder":[53],"informed":[54],"selection":[56],"weaken":[58],"operational":[60,132],"impact":[61],"episode-based":[63,80],"payment":[64],"models.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"evaluates":[68],"large":[70],"language":[71,110],"model":[72],"(LLM)-driven":[73],"chatbot":[76],"designed":[77],"to":[78],"support":[79],"navigation":[82],"using":[83],"strictly":[84],"structured,":[85],"synthetic":[86],"performance":[89,201],"datasets.":[90],"Four":[91],"widely":[92],"used":[93],"LLMs,":[94],"i.e.,":[95],"GPT-3.5-turbo,":[96],"GPT-4o-mini,":[97],"GPT-4o,":[98],"GPT-5.1,":[100],"were":[101],"assessed":[102],"under":[103],"identical":[104],"deterministic":[105],"conditions.":[106],"Using":[107],"87":[108],"natural":[109],"test":[111],"scenarios,":[112],"we":[113],"examined":[114],"structured":[115],"output":[116],"validity,":[117],"episode":[118,147,160],"risk-band":[120],"identification,":[121],"ranking":[123,141,173],"accuracy,":[124,162],"numeric":[125,176],"fidelity,":[126],"hallucination":[127],"risk,":[128],"abstention":[129],"behavior,":[130],"performance.":[133],"We":[134],"further":[135],"introduce":[136],"revised":[138],"formulation":[139],"correctness":[142],"that":[143,183,203],"explicitly":[144],"treats":[145],"accurate":[146],"identification":[148,161],"prerequisite":[151],"for":[152],"meaningful":[153],"transparency.":[154],"All":[155],"models":[156],"demonstrated":[157],"consistently":[158],"high":[159],"approaching":[163],"91%,":[164],"though":[165],"substantial":[166],"variability":[167],"was":[168],"observed":[169],"in":[170],"downstream":[171],"reliability":[174],"precision.":[177],"Collectively,":[178],"these":[179],"preliminary":[180],"findings":[181],"suggest":[182],"LLM-enabled":[184],"directories":[186],"meaningfully":[188],"enhance":[189],"user":[193],"experience":[194],"within":[195],"VBC":[196],"settings,":[197],"while":[198],"highlighting":[199],"specific":[200],"dimensions":[202],"require":[204],"optimization":[205],"before":[206],"large-scale":[207],"deployment.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-01-25T00:00:00"}
