{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125580423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771","title":"LLM-Based Automated Grading with Human-in-the-Loop","display_name":"LLM-Based Automated Grading with Human-in-the-Loop","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125580423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418727","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.05239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104280369","display_name":"Yucheng Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0072-5455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0072-5455"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455113","display_name":"Hang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4303-2362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4303-2362","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-3382"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103048749","display_name":"Kaiqi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-3436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-3436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiqi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055411257","display_name":"Yasemin Copur\u2010Gencturk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-3035","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-3035"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasemin Copur-Gencturk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California,Rossier School of Education,Los Angeles,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,Rossier School of Education,Los Angeles,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143917002","display_name":"Jiliang Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiliang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University,Computer Science and Engineering,East Lansing,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":98.0089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99936211,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.4065000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.4065000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.3806000053882599,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.04989999905228615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-short-answer-grading","display_name":"automated short answer grading","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop","display_name":"human-in-the-loop","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric-based-assessment","display_name":"rubric-based assessment","score":0.847000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.890500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7095999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.6829000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale66047.2025.11346771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418727","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.05239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.05239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.05239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.05239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.05239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.05239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.05239","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.05239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.05239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125580423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125580423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967082761","https://openalex.org/W2025595753","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W3039023360","https://openalex.org/W3192495122","https://openalex.org/W3192880933","https://openalex.org/W4206237192","https://openalex.org/W4226332960","https://openalex.org/W4226379858","https://openalex.org/W4298184221","https://openalex.org/W4380715521","https://openalex.org/W4381586920","https://openalex.org/W4385632485","https://openalex.org/W4387573385","https://openalex.org/W4387687233","https://openalex.org/W4389364090","https://openalex.org/W4389520756","https://openalex.org/W4391158542","https://openalex.org/W4392120942","https://openalex.org/W4393145752","https://openalex.org/W4396681086","https://openalex.org/W4398186681","https://openalex.org/W4399528991","https://openalex.org/W4403882447","https://openalex.org/W4404330874","https://openalex.org/W4406191146","https://openalex.org/W7125975657","https://openalex.org/W7127623344","https://openalex.org/W7133224126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412874033","https://openalex.org/W4408163650","https://openalex.org/W4396681086","https://openalex.org/W7127623344","https://openalex.org/W4406457822","https://openalex.org/W4409494400","https://openalex.org/W4409194885","https://openalex.org/W4403882447","https://openalex.org/W7162439475","https://openalex.org/W7124284179"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rise":[1],"of":[2,19,43,106,129],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"technologies,":[6],"particularly":[7],"large":[8],"language":[9],"models":[10,46],"(LLMs),":[11],"has":[12,36],"brought":[13],"significant":[14],"advancements":[15],"to":[16,53,92,131,134,140,159],"the":[17,41,104,126],"field":[18],"education.":[20],"Among":[21],"various":[22],"applications,":[23],"automatic":[24],"short":[25],"answer":[26],"grading":[27,50,70,86,142,150],"(ASAG),":[28],"which":[29],"focuses":[30],"on":[31,95],"evaluating":[32],"open-ended":[33],"textual":[34],"responses,":[35],"seen":[37],"remarkable":[38],"progress":[39],"with":[40,63],"introduction":[42],"LLMs.":[44],"These":[45],"not":[47],"only":[48],"enhance":[49],"performance":[51,87],"compared":[52],"traditional":[54],"ASAG":[55,109,157],"approaches":[56],"but":[57],"also":[58],"move":[59],"beyond":[60],"simple":[61],"comparisons":[62],"predefined":[64],"\"golden\"":[65],"answers,":[66],"enabling":[67],"more":[68],"sophisticated":[69],"scenarios,":[71],"such":[72],"as":[73],"rubric-based":[74,89],"evaluation.":[75,161],"However,":[76],"existing":[77,153],"LLM-powered":[78],"methods":[79,154],"still":[80],"face":[81],"challenges":[82],"in":[83,88,108],"achieving":[84],"human-level":[85,160],"assessments":[90],"due":[91],"their":[93,113,138],"reliance":[94],"fully":[96],"automated":[97],"approaches.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100],"work,":[101],"we":[102],"explore":[103],"potential":[105],"LLMs":[107,130],"tasks":[110],"by":[111],"leveraging":[112],"interactive":[114],"capabilities":[115],"through":[116],"a":[117],"human-in-the-loop":[118],"(HITL)":[119],"approach.":[120],"Our":[121],"proposed":[122],"framework,":[123],"GradeHITL,":[124],"utilizes":[125],"generative":[127],"properties":[128],"pose":[132],"questions":[133],"human":[135],"experts,":[136],"incorporating":[137],"insights":[139],"refine":[141],"rubrics":[143],"dynamically.":[144],"This":[145],"adaptive":[146],"process":[147],"significantly":[148],"improves":[149],"accuracy,":[151],"outperforming":[152],"and":[155],"bringing":[156],"closer":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-01-25T00:00:00"}