{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125224729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247","title":"Restless Legs Syndrome: A Review.","display_name":"Restless Legs Syndrome: A Review.","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125224729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41563785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:41563785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41563785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061744472","display_name":"John Weyl Winkelman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1673-5418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1673-5418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John W Winkelman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston","Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087663385","display_name":"Benjamin Wipper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-5627","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-5627"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Wipper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":138.3714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99981451,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"335","issue":"8","first_page":"703","last_page":"714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12569","display_name":"Restless Legs Syndrome Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12569","display_name":"Restless Legs Syndrome Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restless-legs-syndrome","display_name":"restless legs syndrome","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-related-movement-disorders","display_name":"sleep-related movement disorders","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-disturbance","display_name":"sleep disorders","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-deficiency-anemia","display_name":"iron deficiency anemia","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-supplementation","display_name":"iron supplementation","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabapentinoids","display_name":"gabapentinoids","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dopamine-agonists","display_name":"dopamine agonists","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dopamine-receptor-antagonists","display_name":"dopamine antagonists","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serotonin-receptor-agonists","display_name":"serotonin receptor agonists","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melatonin","display_name":"melatonin","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-stage-renal-disease","display_name":"end-stage renal disease","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"pregnancy","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease","display_name":"cardiovascular disease","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-life","display_name":"quality of life","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnosis","display_name":"diagnosis","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-outcomes","display_name":"treatment outcomes","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-effects","display_name":"adverse effects","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776750294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916280","display_name":"Restless legs syndrome","level":3,"score":0.7613000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6735000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.424699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983189541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep quality","level":3,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777417653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313081","display_name":"Iron deficiency","level":3,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019083160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769796","display_name":"Iron supplementation","level":4,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778188105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769220","display_name":"Tingling","level":2,"score":0.2410999983549118}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012148","descriptor_name":"Restless Legs Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012148","descriptor_name":"Restless Legs Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012148","descriptor_name":"Restless Legs Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012148","descriptor_name":"Restless Legs Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:41563785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.23247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41563785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737448801","https://openalex.org/W1976141141","https://openalex.org/W3087461242","https://openalex.org/W4402770229","https://openalex.org/W2981644529","https://openalex.org/W3000246697","https://openalex.org/W2032476307","https://openalex.org/W2004151658","https://openalex.org/W2418823465","https://openalex.org/W7202273619"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Importance:":[0],"Restless":[1,29,75,152,221,393],"legs":[2,30,76,153,222,394],"syndrome":[3,31,77,154,223,395],"(RLS)":[4],"is":[5,32,155,224,231,433],"a":[6,18],"sleep-related":[7],"movement":[8],"disorder":[9],"that":[10],"affects":[11,396],"approximately":[12,95,308,324,397],"3%":[13,108,398],"of":[14,97,103,125,130,199,215,310,348,353,361,399,410,416],"US":[15,98],"adults":[16,99,218,400],"to":[17,38,81,89,92,264,345,363],"clinically":[19],"significant":[20],"extent":[21],"and":[22,62,107,127,144,167,174,188,210,284,391,401,408],"can":[23,402],"cause":[24],"substantial":[25],"sleep":[26,407],"disturbance.":[27],"Observations:":[28],"characterized":[33],"by":[34,47,56],"an":[35,350,358],"overwhelming":[36],"urge":[37],"move":[39],"the":[40,43,70,177,346],"limbs,":[41],"typically":[42,64],"legs,":[44],"often":[45,380],"accompanied":[46],"unpleasant":[48],"limb":[49],"sensations":[50],"(eg,":[51,184,289,295,333,385],"achiness,":[52],"tingling).":[53],"Symptoms,":[54],"provoked":[55],"immobility,":[57],"are":[58,63,300,337,436],"relieved":[59],"while":[60],"moving":[61],"present":[65],"or":[66,72,87,111,139,147,244,248,262,267,317,376],"most":[67],"severe":[68],"in":[69,176,217],"evening":[71],"at":[73,115],"night.":[74],"symptoms":[78,102,114,322],"may":[79],"lead":[80],"difficulty":[82],"falling":[83],"asleep,":[84,86],"staying":[85],"returning":[88],"sleep.":[90],"According":[91],"population-based":[93],"studies,":[94],"8%":[96],"experience":[100,109],"RLS":[101,121,321,354,379],"any":[104],"frequency":[105],"annually":[106],"moderately":[110],"severely":[112],"distressing":[113],"least":[116],"twice":[117],"weekly.":[118],"Patients":[119,368],"with":[120,134,159,181,189,238,277,313,326,365,373,426],"have":[122,377,403],"impaired":[123],"quality":[124,409],"life":[126],"elevated":[128],"rates":[129],"cardiovascular":[131],"disease":[132,165,191],"(29.6%":[133],"coronary":[135],"artery":[136],"disease,":[137],"stroke,":[138],"heart":[140],"failure),":[141],"depression":[142],"(30.4%),":[143],"suicidal":[145],"ideation":[146],"self-harm":[148],"(0.35":[149],"cases/1000":[150],"person-years).":[151],"common":[156],"among":[157],"patients":[158,311,425],"multiple":[160],"sclerosis":[161],"(27.5%),":[162],"end-stage":[163],"kidney":[164],"(24%),":[166],"iron":[168,250,422,428],"deficiency":[169],"anemia":[170],"(23.9%);":[171],"during":[172],"pregnancy":[173],"especially":[175],"third":[178],"trimester":[179],"(22%);":[180],"peripheral":[182],"neuropathy":[183],"diabetic,":[185],"idiopathic;":[186],"21.5%);":[187],"Parkinson":[190],"(20%).":[192],"Other":[193],"risk":[194,347],"factors":[195],"include":[196],"family":[197],"history":[198],"RLS,":[200,278],"northern":[201],"European":[202],"descent,":[203],"female":[204],"sex":[205],"(2:1":[206],"vs":[207,323],"male":[208],"sex),":[209],"older":[211],"age":[212],"(RLS":[213],"prevalence":[214],"10%":[216,364],"\u226565":[219],"years).":[220],"diagnosed":[225],"based":[226],"on":[227,406],"clinical":[228,306],"history;":[229],"polysomnography":[230],"not":[232,371],"recommended":[233,340],"for":[234,256,424],"diagnosis.":[235],"Iron":[236],"supplementation":[237,423],"ferrous":[239],"sulfate":[240],"(325-650":[241],"mg":[242,388],"daily":[243],"every":[245],"other":[246],"day)":[247],"intravenous":[249],"(1000":[251],"mg)":[252],"should":[253,291],"be":[254,292],"initiated":[255],"serum":[257],"ferritin":[258],"level":[259],"less":[260,270],"than":[261,271],"equal":[263],"100":[265],"ng/mL":[266],"transferrin":[268],"saturation":[269],"20%.":[272],"If":[273,430],"possible,":[274],"medications":[275,343],"associated":[276],"including":[279],"serotonergic":[280],"antidepressants,":[281],"dopamine":[282],"antagonists,":[283],"centrally":[285],"acting":[286],"H1":[287],"antihistamines":[288],"diphenhydramine),":[290],"discontinued.":[293],"Gabapentinoids":[294],"gabapentin,":[296],"gabapentin":[297],"enacarbil,":[298],"pregabalin)":[299],"first-line":[301,342,374,437],"pharmacologic":[302],"therapy.":[303],"In":[304],"randomized":[305],"trials,":[307],"70%":[309],"treated":[312],"gabapentinoids":[314,435],"had":[315],"much":[316,319],"very":[318],"improved":[320],"40%":[325],"placebo":[327],"(P":[328],"<":[329],".001).":[330],"Dopamine":[331],"agonists":[332],"ropinirole,":[334],"pramipexole,":[335],"rotigotine)":[336],"no":[338],"longer":[339],"as":[341,419,421],"due":[344],"augmentation,":[349],"iatrogenic":[351],"worsening":[352],"symptoms,":[355],"which":[356],"has":[357],"annual":[359],"incidence":[360],"7%":[362],"these":[366],"medications.":[367],"who":[369],"do":[370],"improve":[372],"treatment":[375],"augmented":[378],"benefit":[381],"from":[382],"low-dose":[383],"opioids":[384],"methadone":[386],"5-10":[387],"daily).":[389],"Conclusions":[390],"Relevance:":[392],"negative":[404],"effects":[405],"life.":[411],"Initial":[412],"management":[413],"includes":[414],"cessation":[415],"exacerbating":[417],"medications,":[418],"well":[420],"low-normal":[427],"indices.":[429],"medication":[431],"therapy":[432],"indicated,":[434],"treatment.":[438]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":30}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}