{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125220705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/3g2f-nslz","title":"Gravity-Driven Flux of Particles through Apertures","display_name":"Gravity-Driven Flux of Particles through Apertures","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125220705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/3g2f-nslz","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41765795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/3g2f-nslz","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/3g2f-nslz","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/3g2f-nslz","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.14415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054410647","display_name":"Ram Sudhir Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5827-8943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5827-8943"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram Sudhir Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5827-8943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106772187","display_name":"Alexandre Leonelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8342-6152","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8342-6152"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Leonelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8342-6152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146606931","display_name":"Kevin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4680-0165","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4680-0165"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4680-0165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087013416","display_name":"Eckart Heinz Meiburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-8193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-8193"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eckart Meiburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-8193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030022491","display_name":"Alban Sauret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-5983","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-5983"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alban Sauret","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-5983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94667843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"136","issue":"6","first_page":"068204","last_page":"068204"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12350","display_name":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10474","display_name":"Material Dynamics and Properties","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granular-discharge","display_name":"granular discharge","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-driven-flow","display_name":"gravity-driven flow","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-flux","display_name":"mass flux","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confinement-effects","display_name":"confinement effects","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granular-packing","display_name":"granular packing","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux-ratio","display_name":"flux ratio","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granular-physics","display_name":"granular mechanics","score":0.4659999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24872484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126818","display_name":"Dimensionless quantity","level":2,"score":0.8733999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183992945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495574","display_name":"Universality (dynamical systems)","level":2,"score":0.6995000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6721000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32568104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155083","display_name":"Granular material","level":2,"score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.5794000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192191005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466491","display_name":"Grain size","level":2,"score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180188523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574576","display_name":"Exponential decay","level":2,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110161667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495460","display_name":"Atomic packing factor","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91738503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3265048","display_name":"Mass flux","level":2,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75235859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582659","display_name":"Exponential growth","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11135259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2477027","display_name":"Length scale","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75438885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3403615","display_name":"Large deviations theory","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988430800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Scaling law","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.2667999863624573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/3g2f-nslz","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/3g2f-nslz","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/3g2f-nslz","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41765795","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41765795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical review letters","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.14415","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.14415","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.14415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.14415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.14415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.14415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.14415","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.14415","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.14415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5548313856124878}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2379982591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF\u201023\u20102\u20100046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8870374815","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Cohesive Immersed Granular Flows: Multiscale Experiments and Particle-Resolved Modeling","funder_award_id":"2533460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306202","display_name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/006wxqw41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317464","display_name":"International Fine Particle Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05cf2bt40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539004828","https://openalex.org/W1817819457","https://openalex.org/W1970103655","https://openalex.org/W1973064046","https://openalex.org/W1990728173","https://openalex.org/W1995832033","https://openalex.org/W2011454852","https://openalex.org/W2015559654","https://openalex.org/W2015942673","https://openalex.org/W2020796088","https://openalex.org/W2028149651","https://openalex.org/W2029349473","https://openalex.org/W2048763498","https://openalex.org/W2064803625","https://openalex.org/W2077579866","https://openalex.org/W2092407376","https://openalex.org/W2092687876","https://openalex.org/W2094800197","https://openalex.org/W2096848392","https://openalex.org/W2101431759","https://openalex.org/W2111435873","https://openalex.org/W2116308579","https://openalex.org/W2119033090","https://openalex.org/W2143453560","https://openalex.org/W2148000908","https://openalex.org/W2156785536","https://openalex.org/W2158022963","https://openalex.org/W2171672493","https://openalex.org/W2172083260","https://openalex.org/W2204185410","https://openalex.org/W2317172984","https://openalex.org/W2340942987","https://openalex.org/W2415968620","https://openalex.org/W2532614625","https://openalex.org/W2560745126","https://openalex.org/W2619624000","https://openalex.org/W3105509440","https://openalex.org/W4206946779","https://openalex.org/W4251108025","https://openalex.org/W4317209028","https://openalex.org/W4401163516"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"gravity-driven":[1],"discharge":[2,136],"of":[3,97,134],"granular":[4,14,135],"material":[5],"through":[6],"an":[7],"aperture":[8,66],"is":[9,17,62,67,102,113],"a":[10,49,58,87,93,127],"fundamental":[11],"problem":[12],"in":[13],"physics":[15],"and":[16,38,45],"classically":[18],"described":[19],"by":[20,41,86],"empirical":[21,138],"laws":[22],"with":[23],"different":[24],"fitting":[25],"parameters.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"Letter,":[29],"we":[30,125],"disentangle":[31],"the":[32,65,71,78,81,106,110,117,121,132],"mass":[33],"flux":[34,51],"into":[35],"distinct":[36],"velocity":[37],"packing":[39,111],"contributions":[40],"combining":[42],"three-dimensional":[43],"experiments":[44],"simulations.":[46],"We":[47],"define":[48],"dimensionless":[50],"ratio":[52],"that":[53,130],"captures":[54],"confinement-driven":[55],"deviations":[56,79],"from":[57,80],"free-fall":[59,82],"limit,":[60],"which":[61,109],"recovered":[63],"when":[64],"large":[68],"compared":[69],"to":[70,104,116],"grain":[72,99],"size.":[73],"For":[74],"spherical":[75],"cohesionless":[76],"grains,":[77],"limit":[83],"are":[84],"captured":[85],"single":[88],"exponential":[89],"correction":[90],"factor":[91],"over":[92,108],"characteristic":[94],"length":[95],"scale":[96,107],"\u223c10-15":[98],"diameters.":[100],"This":[101],"shown":[103],"be":[105],"structure":[112],"modified":[114],"due":[115],"boundary.":[118],"Building":[119],"on":[120],"sqrt[gD]":[122],"exit-velocity":[123],"scaling,":[124],"propose":[126],"kinematic":[128],"framework":[129],"explains":[131],"universality":[133],"beyond":[137],"descriptions.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}