{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124926292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","title":"Customer Overlap and Diversion Ratios","display_name":"Customer Overlap and Diversion Ratios","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124926292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w34693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036746220","display_name":"Liran Einav B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3349-5356","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3349-5356"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liran Einav","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","Stanford University - Department of Economics","Stanford University - Department of Economics, Landau Economics Building, 579 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-6072, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University - Department of Economics, Landau Economics Building, 579 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-6072, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095908225","display_name":"Mariana Guido","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariana Guido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039823291","display_name":"Peter J. Klenow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Klenow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University","Stanford University, 367 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, 367 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036746220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.07890000194311142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11898","display_name":"Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversion-ratio","display_name":"diversion ratio","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-substitution","display_name":"product substitution","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-estimation","display_name":"demand estimation","score":0.3970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57660159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196460","display_name":"Customer intelligence","level":5,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101276457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196474","display_name":"Customer retention","level":4,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130721881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146253","display_name":"Customer lifetime value","level":5,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19351080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395034","display_name":"New product development","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53100981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196454","display_name":"Customer equity","level":5,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63207073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076010","display_name":"Customer to customer","level":5,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43595421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939596","display_name":"Voice of the customer","level":5,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984334869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060653","display_name":"Customer service","level":3,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985100168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005683","display_name":"Customer needs","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23213687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301468","display_name":"Consumer behaviour","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31367271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196444","display_name":"Customer advocacy","level":4,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w34693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6093265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6093265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6093265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w34693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w34693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124926292.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124926292.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092876865","https://openalex.org/W7111502203","https://openalex.org/W2345915644","https://openalex.org/W2286734353","https://openalex.org/W2512013654","https://openalex.org/W2809670813","https://openalex.org/W3024458511","https://openalex.org/W389144792","https://openalex.org/W3122239127","https://openalex.org/W2594298660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,22,69,85],"define":[1],"the":[2,14,76,88,107],"concept":[3],"of":[4,7,16,48,91,98,114],"customer":[5,29,60,80,92],"overlap":[6,93],"product":[8,11],"j":[9],"with":[10],"k":[12],"as":[13],"share":[15],"j's":[17],"customers":[18],"who":[19],"buy":[20],"k.":[21],"then":[23,73,86],"argue":[24],"that,":[25],"in":[26,65,94],"appropriate":[27],"contexts,":[28],"overlaps":[30,61,81],"are":[31,55,62],"an":[32],"excellent":[33],"proxy":[34],"for":[35],"diversion":[36,52,83,99],"ratios,":[37,53],"a":[38],"useful":[39],"and":[40,72,82,112],"popular":[41],"way":[42],"to":[43,58,106],"summarize":[44],"competition":[45],"between":[46,79],"sellers":[47],"substitute":[49],"products.":[50],"Unlike":[51],"which":[54],"often":[56],"challenging":[57],"estimate,":[59],"straightforwardly":[63],"observed":[64],"many":[66],"data":[67],"sets.":[68],"show":[70],"theoretically,":[71],"validate":[74],"empirically,":[75],"close":[77],"connection":[78],"ratios.":[84],"illustrate":[87],"potential":[89],"use":[90],"contexts":[95],"where":[96],"estimation":[97],"ratios":[100],"could":[101],"be":[102],"prohibitive.":[103],"Institutional":[104],"subscribers":[105],"NBER":[108],"working":[109],"paper":[110,120],"series,":[111],"residents":[113],"developing":[115],"countries":[116],"may":[117],"download":[118],"this":[119],"without":[121],"additional":[122],"charge":[123],"at":[124],"www.nber.org.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}
