{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124836008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537","title":"Real-Time Stretchable Strain Sensor using CMOS-based Time-Domain Reflectometry","display_name":"Real-Time Stretchable Strain Sensor using CMOS-based Time-Domain Reflectometry","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124836008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192710","display_name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ...","issn_l":"1930-0395","issn":["1930-0395","2168-9229","2168-9237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE SENSORS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078562600","display_name":"Calder Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5085-7908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5085-7908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calder Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University,Corvallis,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University,Corvallis,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123400380","display_name":"Flaviu-Cristian Moldovan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flaviu-Cristian Moldovan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University,Corvallis,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University,Corvallis,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008769831","display_name":"Matthew L. Johnston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-9437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-9437"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew L. Johnston","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University,Corvallis,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University,Corvallis,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91461118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.013000000268220901,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stretchable-strain-sensors","display_name":"stretchable strain sensors","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain-reflectometry","display_name":"time domain reflectometry","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"time-to-digital converter","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicone-encapsulation","display_name":"silicone encapsulation","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/length-measurement","display_name":"length measurement","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-electronics","display_name":"wearable electronics","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics","display_name":"soft robotics","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-tracking","display_name":"motion tracking","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-reconstruction","display_name":"shape recovery","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-sensing","display_name":"real-time sensing","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.5781000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33441834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693004","display_name":"Transmission line","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84967400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066289","display_name":"Flexible electronics","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780604831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174320","display_name":"Oscillograph","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104713690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245133","display_name":"Wheatstone bridge","level":4,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781196758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623486","display_name":"Stretchable electronics","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95020103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813492","display_name":"Match moving","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3400440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027487","display_name":"Electro-optical sensor","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors59705.2025.11330537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192710","display_name":"Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ...","issn_l":"1930-0395","issn":["1930-0395","2168-9229","2168-9237"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE SENSORS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6055108486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-21-1-2052,N00014-22-1-2114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976784303","https://openalex.org/W2033079081","https://openalex.org/W2055548088","https://openalex.org/W2789385900","https://openalex.org/W2883279767","https://openalex.org/W2906216837","https://openalex.org/W2913446864","https://openalex.org/W2915012247","https://openalex.org/W2977568232","https://openalex.org/W2985633827","https://openalex.org/W3018423233","https://openalex.org/W3035576118","https://openalex.org/W3121756258","https://openalex.org/W3162486578","https://openalex.org/W3181046205","https://openalex.org/W4206107294","https://openalex.org/W4210559739","https://openalex.org/W4225090122","https://openalex.org/W4376605575","https://openalex.org/W4379117113","https://openalex.org/W4385476004","https://openalex.org/W4387670511","https://openalex.org/W4400230620","https://openalex.org/W4405491015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400230620","https://openalex.org/W7124853906","https://openalex.org/W2971240801","https://openalex.org/W4405491015","https://openalex.org/W7212314373","https://openalex.org/W2999741696","https://openalex.org/W4362607784","https://openalex.org/W7162426179","https://openalex.org/W7213470792","https://openalex.org/W3000377365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stretchable":[0],"circuits":[1],"and":[2,12,29,75,79,100],"sensors":[3],"are":[4,69],"essential":[5],"for":[6,52,62,71,97],"enabling":[7],"advances":[8],"in":[9,48],"wearable":[10],"electronics":[11],"soft":[13],"robotics.":[14],"This":[15],"work":[16],"presents":[17],"an":[18,53,80],"approach":[19],"to":[20],"length":[21],"measurement":[22],"using":[23],"a":[24,30,42,94],"highly":[25],"stretchable":[26],"strain":[27],"sensor":[28,91],"CMOS-based":[31],"time-to-digital":[32],"converter":[33],"(TDC).":[34],"The":[35,56,90],"system":[36,92],"utilizes":[37],"time-domain":[38],"reflectometry":[39],"(TDR)":[40],"on":[41],"liquid":[43],"metal":[44],"transmission":[45],"line":[46],"encapsulated":[47],"silicone,":[49],"measuring":[50],"time-of-flight":[51],"electronic":[54],"pulse.":[55],"custom":[57],"TDC":[58],"eliminates":[59],"the":[60],"need":[61],"bulky":[63],"bench-top":[64],"readout":[65],"equipment.":[66],"Experimental":[67],"results":[68],"provided":[70],"both":[72],"10":[73],"cm":[74,77],"25":[76],"sensors,":[78],"application":[81],"example":[82],"is":[83],"presented":[84],"showing":[85],"real-time":[86],"elbow":[87],"flexion":[88],"tracking.":[89],"offers":[93],"compact":[95],"solution":[96],"motion":[98],"tracking":[99],"shape":[101],"reconstruction.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}