{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124769682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70395","title":"A Dynamic\u2010Weight Multi\u2010Objective Sloth\u2010Inspired Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"A Dynamic\u2010Weight Multi\u2010Objective Sloth\u2010Inspired Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124769682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/dac.70395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175310385","display_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","issn_l":"1074-5351","issn":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062365346","display_name":"Ardalan Husin Awlla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0616-6960","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0616-6960","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5397-842X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133014862","display_name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9vy052","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ardalan\u00a0H. Awlla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Department Technical College of Informatics Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0616-6960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Department Technical College of Informatics Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065801825","display_name":"Tarik Ahmed Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-258X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-258X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3151615967","display_name":"University of Kurdistan Hewler","ror":"https://ror.org/00268wk31","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3151615967"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarik\u00a0A. Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Innovations University of Kurdistan Hewler  Erbil Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-258X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Innovations University of Kurdistan Hewler  Erbil Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3151615967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023711120","display_name":"Ronak M. Abdullah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64952554","display_name":"University of Sulaimani","ror":"https://ror.org/00saanr69","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronak\u00a0M. Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, College of Science University of Sulaimani  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science University of Sulaimani  Sulaymaniyah Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64952554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062365346"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"],"apc_list":{"value":2760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2760},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92504324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"wireless sensor networks","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-head-selection","display_name":"cluster head selection","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-weighting","display_name":"dynamic weighting","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bio-inspired-clustering","display_name":"bio-inspired clustering","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-lifetime","display_name":"network lifetime","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-delivery-ratio","display_name":"packet delivery ratio","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay","display_name":"delay","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-head-rotation","display_name":"cluster head rotation","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moana","display_name":"Moana","score":0.8059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9013000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6352999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6215999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37624559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375776","display_name":"End-to-end delay","level":3,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50954386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656083","display_name":"Paging","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13540734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318996","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/dac.70395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175310385","display_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","issn_l":"1074-5351","issn":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3001340540","https://openalex.org/W3132868895","https://openalex.org/W3173535844","https://openalex.org/W3177397585","https://openalex.org/W3203098540","https://openalex.org/W3210604023","https://openalex.org/W4206562093","https://openalex.org/W4229078719","https://openalex.org/W4281477504","https://openalex.org/W4321435904","https://openalex.org/W4378696522","https://openalex.org/W4387668661","https://openalex.org/W4388894362","https://openalex.org/W4389101317","https://openalex.org/W4390770651","https://openalex.org/W4391664466","https://openalex.org/W4392151714","https://openalex.org/W4394821893","https://openalex.org/W4396644338","https://openalex.org/W4399395327","https://openalex.org/W4402426045","https://openalex.org/W4402882904","https://openalex.org/W4404289594","https://openalex.org/W4409911527","https://openalex.org/W4411802736","https://openalex.org/W4412490327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417332991","https://openalex.org/W4293211541","https://openalex.org/W3144646541","https://openalex.org/W2517304606","https://openalex.org/W1999149894","https://openalex.org/W7152752525","https://openalex.org/W2499499525","https://openalex.org/W4388198196","https://openalex.org/W4200604452","https://openalex.org/W2498197436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Clustered":[1],"wireless":[2],"sensor":[3],"networks":[4,172],"(WSNs)":[5],"comprise":[6],"many":[7],"small,":[8],"battery\u2010powered":[9],"nodes":[10,175,242],"that":[11,104,194,260,271],"collect":[12],"and":[13,49,55,64,82,115,132,143,152,167,176,190,204,215,250,276,289],"transmit":[14],"data":[15],"to":[16,67,76,79,86,134],"a":[17,28,36,98,106,139,235],"central":[18],"base":[19,136],"station.":[20],"Choosing":[21],"the":[22,110,135,185,212,219],"right":[23],"cluster":[24],"heads":[25],"(CHs)":[26],"is":[27,273],"crucial":[29],"task":[30],"in":[31,108,119],"WSNs,":[32],"as":[33,45,62,284],"it":[34],"involves":[35],"multi\u2010objective":[37,59,100,162],"problem.":[38],"It":[39],"requires":[40],"balancing":[41],"conflicting":[42],"goals":[43],"such":[44,61,283],"minimizing":[46],"energy":[47,232],"consumption":[48],"delay":[50],"while":[51,138],"maximizing":[52],"packet":[53,247],"delivery":[54,248],"network":[56,154,202],"lifetime.":[57],"Current":[58],"algorithms,":[60,164],"MPSO":[63],"MFDO,":[65,166],"try":[66],"balance":[68],"these":[69,93,261],"objectives.":[70],"Nevertheless,":[71],"they":[72],"are":[73],"computationally":[74],"expensive":[75],"run,":[77],"sensitive":[78],"parameter":[80],"changes,":[81],"cannot":[83],"easily":[84],"adapt":[85],"large":[87],"or":[88],"dynamic":[89,123,144],"WSNs.":[90,120],"To":[91],"address":[92],"limitations,":[94],"this":[95],"paper":[96],"proposes":[97],"lightweight":[99,277],"sloth":[101],"(MSloth)":[102],"algorithm":[103],"introduces":[105],"novelty":[107],"addressing":[109],"research":[111],"gap":[112],"of":[113,182,231,234,237,255],"unstable":[114],"energy\u2010inefficient":[116],"CH":[117,148],"selection":[118],"This":[121],"bio\u2010inspired":[122],"weighting":[124,145],"selects":[125],"CHs":[126],"based":[127],"on":[128],"node":[129],"energy,":[130,199],"density,":[131],"distance":[133],"station,":[137],"sloth\u2010inspired":[140],"refractory":[141],"mechanism":[142],"schedule":[146],"reduce":[147],"rotation,":[149],"ensuring":[150],"adaptive":[151],"energy\u2010efficient":[153],"performance.":[155],"We":[156],"compared":[157],"MSloth":[158,195,227,272],"against":[159],"three":[160],"other":[161],"optimization":[163],"MPSO,":[165],"MOANA,":[168],"using":[169],"both":[170],"simulated":[171],"with":[173,180,208],"100\u2013300":[174],"real":[177,220],"WSN":[178],"datasets":[179],"samples":[181],"1000":[183,189],"nodes;":[184],"numerical":[186],"results":[187],"over":[188],"10,000":[191],"rounds":[192],"show":[193],"used":[196],"20%\u201327%":[197],"less":[198],"demonstrated":[200],"better":[201],"lifetime,":[203],"maintained":[205],"low":[206],"delays":[207],"0.9":[209],"s":[210,217,254],"for":[211,218,280],"synthetic":[213],"dataset":[214],"0.65":[216],"dataset.":[221],"In":[222],"tests":[223],"involving":[224],"300":[225],"nodes,":[226],"saved":[228],"20.26":[229],"J":[230],"out":[233],"total":[236],"50":[238],"J,":[239],"kept":[240],"190":[241],"active,":[243],"achieved":[244],"an":[245,274],"83.4%":[246],"rate,":[249],"recorded":[251],"only":[252],"0.55":[253],"delay;":[256],"statistical":[257],"analysis":[258],"confirmed":[259],"improvements":[262],"were":[263],"significant":[264],"across":[265],"performance":[266],"metrics.":[267],"These":[268],"findings":[269],"suggest":[270],"effective":[275],"protocol":[278],"suitable":[279],"real\u2010world":[281],"applications":[282],"environmental":[285],"monitoring,":[286],"warning":[287],"systems,":[288],"smart":[290],"farming.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00"}