{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124604516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","title":"The Burden of Hospital Morbidity and Mortality in Ghana: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis of National Data","display_name":"The Burden of Hospital Morbidity and Mortality in Ghana: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis of National Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124604516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/01/16/2026.01.13.26344071.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/01/16/2026.01.13.26344071.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040600812","display_name":"Alfred Kwesi Manyeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7005-5707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7005-5707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254651091","display_name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/054tfvs49","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred Kwesi Manyeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094058453","display_name":"Christopher Tetteh Odopey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8222-644X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8222-644X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254651091","display_name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/054tfvs49","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Tetteh Odopey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8222-644X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113135771","display_name":"Angela Nana Esi Ackon Ackon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4657-8573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4657-8573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254651091","display_name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/054tfvs49","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Nana Esi Ackon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Health and Allied Sciences, Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, Hohoe, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4657-8573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, Hohoe, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091532004","display_name":"Vincent Uwumboriyhie Gmayinaam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-1903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6997-1903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254651091","display_name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/054tfvs49","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Uwumboriyhie Gmayinaam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039400032","display_name":"Patrick Elorm Djissem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8678-1298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8678-1298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254651091","display_name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/054tfvs49","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Dzissem","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045191363","display_name":"Evelyn Acquah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-9312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-9312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254651091","display_name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/054tfvs49","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evelyn Acquah","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000076741","display_name":"Mustapha Immurana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5711-7566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5711-7566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254651091","display_name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/054tfvs49","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustapha Immurana","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, Institute of Health Research, Ho, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094058453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254651091"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14093","display_name":"Global Health and Epidemiology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14093","display_name":"Global Health and Epidemiology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12246","display_name":"Chronic Disease Management Strategies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-hospital-mortality","display_name":"in-hospital mortality","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-hospital-morbidity","display_name":"hospital morbidity","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalization","display_name":"hospitalization","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors-for-mortality","display_name":"mortality risk factors","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/length-of-hospital-stay","display_name":"length of hospital stay","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-insurance-coverage","display_name":"health insurance coverage","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-health-insurance-scheme","display_name":"National Health Insurance Scheme","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-and-parasitic-diseases","display_name":"infectious and parasitic diseases","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-disorders","display_name":"neurological disorders","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbidity","display_name":"comorbidities","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-and-sex-disparities","display_name":"age and sex disparities","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghana","display_name":"Ghana","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-system-performance","display_name":"health system performance","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8708000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92307203","display_name":"Case fatality rate","level":3,"score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.517799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.516700029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019871722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718944","display_name":"Hospital admission","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/01/16/2026.01.13.26344071.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.13.26344071","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/01/16/2026.01.13.26344071.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124604516.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124604516.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993538889","https://openalex.org/W2000428533","https://openalex.org/W2022991434","https://openalex.org/W2042701594","https://openalex.org/W2095750684","https://openalex.org/W2127960841","https://openalex.org/W2128248134","https://openalex.org/W2137483211","https://openalex.org/W2164662768","https://openalex.org/W2558157020","https://openalex.org/W2597775634","https://openalex.org/W2727260289","https://openalex.org/W2772759979","https://openalex.org/W2788581417","https://openalex.org/W2891125414","https://openalex.org/W2891701191","https://openalex.org/W2900627719","https://openalex.org/W2974643734","https://openalex.org/W3012804303","https://openalex.org/W3014070984","https://openalex.org/W3080541247","https://openalex.org/W3092849554","https://openalex.org/W3113178943","https://openalex.org/W3142719242","https://openalex.org/W3157419554","https://openalex.org/W4205782403","https://openalex.org/W4213276259","https://openalex.org/W4221039768","https://openalex.org/W4285587260","https://openalex.org/W4286880263","https://openalex.org/W4293483797","https://openalex.org/W4312877843","https://openalex.org/W4319596393","https://openalex.org/W4381251315","https://openalex.org/W4390262300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214069841","https://openalex.org/W4391982949","https://openalex.org/W4410786476","https://openalex.org/W2944849208","https://openalex.org/W2280395207","https://openalex.org/W4390661176","https://openalex.org/W2792962301","https://openalex.org/W4414719171","https://openalex.org/W3122811236","https://openalex.org/W7155041445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Understanding":[2],"hospital":[3,55,97,136,205,268,316],"admission":[4,156],"and":[5,17,32,57,66,75,108,120,133,148,209,224,242,274,292,299,307],"mortality":[6,58,71,140,252],"trends":[7,59],"is":[8],"essential":[9],"for":[10,46,271],"enhancing":[11],"health":[12,48,76,238,263],"system":[13,77,163,264],"performance":[14],"in":[15,117,187,261,297,318],"low-":[16],"middle-income":[18],"countries.":[19],"In":[20],"Ghana,":[21],"systemic":[22],"challenges":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"unequal":[26],"access":[27],"to":[28,62,72,104,114,177,215,220,267,313],"care,":[29,301],"workforce":[30],"shortages,":[31],"changing":[33],"disease":[34,130,293],"patterns":[35,116],"\u2013":[36,42],"exacerbated":[37],"by":[38,237],"the":[39,44,142,152,161,165,183,262,278],"COVID-19":[40],"pandemic":[41],"underscore":[43],"need":[45],"comprehensive":[47],"data":[49,86],"analysis.":[50],"This":[51,255],"study":[52,143],"examines":[53],"national":[54,256],"morbidity":[56],"from":[60,87,102,175],"2019":[61,103],"2023,":[63],"identifying":[64],"demographic":[65],"clinical":[67],"factors":[68],"that":[69,265],"predict":[70],"inform":[73],"policy":[74],"reforms.":[78],"Methods":[79],"A":[80],"retrospective":[81],"analysis":[82],"was":[83,145,172],"performed":[84],"using":[85],"Ghana\u2019s":[88],"District":[89],"Health":[90,280],"Information":[91],"Management":[92],"System-2":[93],"(DHIMS-2),":[94],"covering":[95],"2,357,535":[96],"admissions":[98,235],"across":[99,288],"15":[100],"regions":[101],"2023.":[105],"Descriptive":[106],"statistics":[107],"multivariate":[109],"logistic":[110],"regression":[111],"were":[112,151,212],"employed":[113],"investigate":[115],"morbidity,":[118],"mortality,":[119,269],"associated":[121],"risk":[122],"factors,":[123],"based":[124],"on":[125],"patient":[126],"demographics,":[127],"insurance":[128,305],"status,":[129],"classification":[131],"(ICD-11),":[132],"length":[134],"of":[135,155,160,202,232,246],"stay.":[137],"Results":[138],"Hospital":[139],"throughout":[141],"period":[144],"2.6%.":[146],"Infectious":[147],"parasitic":[149],"diseases":[150,159],"primary":[153],"causes":[154],"(30.1%),":[157],"while":[158],"nervous":[162],"exhibited":[164],"highest":[166,184],"case":[167],"fatality":[168],"rate":[169],"(13.8%).":[170],"Mortality":[171],"significantly":[173],"greater":[174],"2020":[176],"2023":[178,188],"compared":[179],"with":[180,182,244,303],"2019,":[181],"odds":[185,231],"observed":[186],"(AOR":[189],"=":[190],"1.50;":[191],"95%":[192],"CI:":[193],"1.46\u20131.54).":[194],"Advanced":[195],"age":[196],"(\u226565":[197],"years),":[198],"male":[199],"sex,":[200,290],"lack":[201],"insurance,":[203,239],"short":[204],"stays":[206,245],"(<1":[207],"day),":[208],"comorbid":[210],"conditions":[211,226,273],"all":[213],"linked":[214],"higher":[216],"mortality.":[217,233],"Admissions":[218],"due":[219],"neoplasms,":[221],"circulatory,":[222],"respiratory,":[223],"neurological":[225],"demonstrated":[227],"notably":[228],"high":[229],"adjusted":[230],"Conversely,":[234],"covered":[236],"female":[240],"patients,":[241],"those":[243],"3\u20137":[247],"days":[248],"had":[249],"a":[250],"reduced":[251],"risk.":[253],"Conclusion":[254],"review":[257],"highlights":[258],"ongoing":[259],"gaps":[260],"lead":[266],"especially":[270],"complex":[272],"vulnerable":[275],"groups.":[276],"While":[277],"National":[279],"Insurance":[281],"Scheme":[282],"looks":[283],"protective,":[284],"disparities":[285],"still":[286],"exist":[287],"age,":[289],"region,":[291],"types.":[294],"Urgent":[295],"investments":[296],"diagnostic":[298],"critical":[300],"along":[302],"expanding":[304],"coverage":[306],"regional":[308],"resource":[309],"distribution,":[310],"are":[311],"needed":[312],"reduce":[314],"preventable":[315],"deaths":[317],"Ghana.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-01-19T00:00:00"}