{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124443973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","title":"Reclaiming Legal Identity and Human Dignity: Rethinking Statelessness and Refugee Documentation for Congolese Populations in Burundi Through Rights-Based Policy and International Legal Reform","display_name":"Reclaiming Legal Identity and Human Dignity: Rethinking Statelessness and Refugee Documentation for Congolese Populations in Burundi Through Rights-Based Policy and International Legal Reform","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124443973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","pdf_url":"https://ijmir.com/v3i1/Doc/1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047453","display_name":"International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Innovative Research","issn_l":"3050-6883","issn":["3050-6883","3050-6891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Innovative Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ijmir.com/v3i1/Doc/1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122039550","display_name":"Nezerwe Eddy-Modele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nezerwe Eddy-Modele","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122039550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"03","issue":"01","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.26660001277923584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13694","display_name":"Immigration Law and Human Rights","score":0.021800000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statelessness","display_name":"statelessness","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee-documentation","display_name":"refugee documentation","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congolese-refugees","display_name":"Congolese refugees","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burundi","display_name":"Burundi","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-identity","display_name":"legal identity","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-dignity","display_name":"human dignity","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nationality-law","display_name":"nationality law","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee-status-determination","display_name":"refugee status determination","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometric-identity","display_name":"biometric identity","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forced-displacement","display_name":"forced displacement","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-basic-services","display_name":"access to basic services","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interagency-coordination","display_name":"inter-agency coordination","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779873939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223050","display_name":"Statelessness","level":4,"score":0.9221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104513104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837556","display_name":"Displaced person","level":3,"score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13934251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145466","display_name":"Internally displaced person","level":3,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777138209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231002","display_name":"Nationality","level":3,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513891491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181865","display_name":"Civil society","level":3,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331684","display_name":"Repatriation","level":2,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780781376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138","display_name":"Citizenship","level":3,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541189924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837556","display_name":"Forced migration","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103613024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230924","display_name":"Stateless protocol","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","pdf_url":"https://ijmir.com/v3i1/Doc/1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047453","display_name":"International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Innovative Research","issn_l":"3050-6883","issn":["3050-6883","3050-6891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Innovative Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18170560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18170560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18170560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18170561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18170561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18170561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58806/ijmir.2026.v3i1n01","pdf_url":"https://ijmir.com/v3i1/Doc/1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047453","display_name":"International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Innovative Research","issn_l":"3050-6883","issn":["3050-6883","3050-6891"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Innovative Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7390999794006348}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124443973.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124443973.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317422571","https://openalex.org/W2232930772","https://openalex.org/W4411183407","https://openalex.org/W2955982345","https://openalex.org/W7171627634","https://openalex.org/W7160488561","https://openalex.org/W2016569278","https://openalex.org/W2791834979","https://openalex.org/W3004584718","https://openalex.org/W2959751179"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decades":[0],"of":[1,11,35,41,49,51,85,87,100,140,146,157,176,182,219,238,331],"regional":[2,210,357],"instability":[3],"and":[4,129,179,197,209,223,245,289,301,312,316,342,359],"protracted":[5],"forced":[6],"displacement":[7],"in":[8,21,184,207,227,321,362],"the":[9,32,42,59,98,141,150,155,177,201,236,251,299,304,329],"sub-region":[10],"Central":[12],"Africa":[13],"led":[14],"to":[15,66,75,80,154,286,292,334,352,354],"statelessness":[16,183],"among":[17],"Congolese":[18,52,274],"refugees":[19,116,275,336],"living":[20],"Burundi,":[22],"with":[23,276,303],"its":[24],"capital,":[25],"Bujumbura.":[26],"I":[27],"would":[28,272],"remind":[29],"you":[30],"that":[31,190],"Democratic":[33],"Republic":[34],"Congo":[36],"has":[37,62],"now":[38],"a":[39,72,138,260,277,290,340,349],"member":[40],"East":[43,305],"African":[44,306],"Community":[45,307],"since":[46],"2022.":[47],"Hundreds":[48],"thousands":[50,86],"have":[53,90],"been":[54],"hosted":[55],"there":[56,92],"since,":[57],"but":[58,77,160,345],"Burundian":[60,246],"government":[61],"failed":[63,79],"not":[64,135,338],"only":[65,136],"offer":[67],"them":[68,88,284],"identification,":[69],"documentation":[70],"or":[71,113],"practical":[73,350],"route":[74],"naturalization,":[76],"also":[78,232],"provide":[81,273],"this":[82,322,326],"for":[83,93],"tens":[84],"who":[89],"lived":[91],"over":[94],"20":[95],"years.":[96],"In":[97],"absence":[99],"any":[101],"legal":[102,133,178,193,211,268,281,317,332,341],"civil":[103,130,228],"status":[104],"documents":[105,241],"(for":[106],"example:":[107],"birth":[108],"certificates,":[109],"national":[110,208,261],"ID":[111],"cards,":[112],"refugee":[114,240],"cards),":[115],"face":[117],"extreme":[118],"difficulty":[119],"accessing":[120],"basic":[121,143,287],"services":[122,288],"like":[123],"education,":[124],"health":[125],"care,":[126],"formal":[127],"employment":[128],"status.":[131],"This":[132,170,270],"vacuum":[134],"constitutes":[137],"breach":[139],"most":[142],"human":[144],"rights":[145],"these":[147],"people":[148],"following":[149],"1954":[151],"Convention":[152],"Relating":[153],"Status":[156],"Stateless":[158],"Persons,":[159],"perpetuates":[161],"their":[162],"inter-generational":[163],"exclusion":[164],"as":[165,167,325,367],"well":[166],"administrative":[168],"invisibility.":[169],"article":[171],"presents":[172,253],"an":[173,187,254],"interdisciplinary":[174,188],"analysis":[175],"structural":[180,205],"framework":[181],"Burundi.":[185,368],"Using":[186],"approach":[189],"combines":[191],"doctrinal":[192],"analysis,":[194,196],"policy":[195],"comparative":[198],"design":[199],"inquiry,":[200],"research":[202],"finds":[203],"significant":[204],"deficiencies":[206],"frameworks,":[212],"namely,":[213],"discriminatory":[214],"nationality":[215],"laws,":[216],"poor":[217,224],"enforcement":[218],"pivotal":[220],"international":[221],"treaties":[222],"inter-agency":[225],"coordination":[226],"registration.":[229],"The":[230],"paper":[231,252,327],"reflects":[233],"critically":[234],"on":[235,259,295,298],"limitations":[237],"existing":[239],"issued":[242],"by":[243],"UNHCR":[244],"authorities.":[247],"To":[248],"move":[249],"forward,":[250],"original":[255],"rights-based":[256],"model":[257,271],"focused":[258],"\u201cRefugee":[262],"Green":[263],"Card\u201d":[264],"regime":[265],"(a":[266],"transitional":[267],"identity).":[269],"formal,":[278],"biometrically":[279],"secured":[280],"status,":[282],"affording":[283],"access":[285],"pathway":[291],"citizenship.":[293],"Based":[294],"decentralized":[296],"identity":[297,333],"blockchain,":[300],"consistent":[302],"(EAC)":[308],"integration":[309],"goals":[310],"first":[311],"foremost,":[313],"protection,":[314],"empowerment,":[315],"inclusion":[318],"are":[319],"emphasized":[320],"model.":[323],"And,":[324],"concludes,":[328],"return":[330],"stateless":[335],"is":[337,347],"just":[339],"moral":[343],"imperative,":[344],"it":[346],"rather":[348],"means":[351],"contribute":[353],"better":[355],"governance,":[356],"solidarity":[358],"social":[360],"cohesion":[361],"fragile":[363],"host":[364],"states":[365],"such":[366]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}
