{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124432589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","title":"Understanding hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions' kinetics in non-stoichiometric protic ionic liquids","display_name":"Understanding hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions' kinetics in non-stoichiometric protic ionic liquids","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124432589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198339081","display_name":"Electrochimica Acta","issn_l":"0013-4686","issn":["0013-4686","1873-3859"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electrochimica Acta","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065879721","display_name":"Hosni Ahmed Elwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0176-8487","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0176-8487"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88126159","display_name":"Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/044panr52","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88126159"]}],"countries":["EG","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hosni Ahmed Elwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum Refining Division, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt","School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum Refining Division, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88126159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064714255","display_name":"Corinne Wills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-2389","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-2389"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corinne Wills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT), School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-2389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT), School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028239491","display_name":"Mohamed Mamlouk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-7252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-7252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Mamlouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-7252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065879721"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186","https://openalex.org/I88126159"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"fwci":1.8698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81679009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"554","issue":null,"first_page":"148231","last_page":"148231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.6923999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.6923999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10480","display_name":"Ionic liquids properties and applications","score":0.24660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.05130000039935112,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protic-ionic-liquids","display_name":"protic ionic liquids","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-reduction-reaction","display_name":"oxygen reduction reaction","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-oxidation-reaction","display_name":"hydrogen oxidation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cells","display_name":"proton exchange membrane fuel cells","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platinum-electrocatalysis","display_name":"platinum electrocatalysis","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trifluoromethanesulfonic-acid","display_name":"trifluoromethanesulfonic acid","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cation-adsorption","display_name":"cation adsorption","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-transfer","display_name":"proton transfer","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779128551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304850","display_name":"Triflic acid","level":3,"score":0.8727999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.7997999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.7081999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154881586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898579","display_name":"Ionic liquid","level":3,"score":0.7019000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21774173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2462024","display_name":"Trifluoromethanesulfonate","level":3,"score":0.6869000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144082473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213185","display_name":"Stoichiometry","level":2,"score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.6363000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.6182000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518104683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880","display_name":"Platinum","level":3,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148898269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792","display_name":"Kinetics","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155574463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170731","display_name":"Solubility","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55904794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682","display_name":"Redox","level":2,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184651966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356","display_name":"Aqueous solution","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540031477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629","display_name":"Oxygen","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57156300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5434687","display_name":"Limiting current","level":4,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778161354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193956","display_name":"Perchloric acid","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779896888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11498818","display_name":"Supporting electrolyte","level":4,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2182769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500","display_name":"Ionic bonding","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123480859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900576","display_name":"Reversible hydrogen electrode","level":5,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50690","display_name":"Oxide","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60588594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131951","display_name":"Acidity function","level":3,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33989665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357962","display_name":"Electrocatalyst","level":4,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198339081","display_name":"Electrochimica Acta","issn_l":"0013-4686","issn":["0013-4686","1873-3859"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electrochimica Acta","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198339081","display_name":"Electrochimica Acta","issn_l":"0013-4686","issn":["0013-4686","1873-3859"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electrochimica Acta","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979063210","https://openalex.org/W1990966816","https://openalex.org/W1994231026","https://openalex.org/W2020674984","https://openalex.org/W2027815238","https://openalex.org/W2064596691","https://openalex.org/W2113418751","https://openalex.org/W2117299899","https://openalex.org/W2121662664","https://openalex.org/W2170159894","https://openalex.org/W2318376577","https://openalex.org/W2745206577","https://openalex.org/W2902168117","https://openalex.org/W2944439414","https://openalex.org/W3049525993","https://openalex.org/W3126227061","https://openalex.org/W4401270813"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Protic":[0],"ionic":[1],"liquids":[2],"(PILs),":[3],"prepared":[4],"from":[5],"a":[6],"stoichiometric":[7,34,170],"acid-base":[8],"mixture,":[9],"can":[10,57],"function":[11],"as":[12],"electrolytes":[13],"in":[14,33],"proton":[15],"exchange":[16],"membrane":[17],"fuel":[18],"cells":[19],"(PEMFCs)":[20],"under":[21],"low":[22],"humidity.":[23],"However,":[24],"using":[25],"platinum":[26],"(Pt)":[27],"microelectrode":[28],"studies,":[29],"we":[30,71],"showed":[31],"that":[32,169],"PILs,":[35],"oxygen":[36],"reduction":[37],"(ORR)":[38],"and":[39,79,91,106,115,120,131,143,150,188,195,200],"hydrogen":[40],"oxidation":[41],"(HOR)":[42],"kinetics":[43],"are":[44,172],"sluggish":[45],"due":[46],"to":[47,64,163],"the":[48],"lack":[49],"of":[50,104,118],"free":[51],"protons":[52],"for":[53,129,148,174],"proton-transfer":[54],"reactions.":[55],"This":[56,166],"be":[58],"addressed":[59],"by":[60,137,198],"adding":[61],"excess":[62],"acid":[63,97,147,161],"form":[65],"non-stoichiometric":[66,177],"PILs.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"work,":[70],"introduce":[72],"new":[73],"PILs:":[74],"Butyl":[75],"pyrrolidinium":[76],"triflate":[77,82],"[Bu-Pyrr][TfO]":[78,130,149],"Ethyl":[80],"piperidinium":[81],"[Et-Pip][TfO],":[83,132,151],"featuring":[84],"thermally":[85],"stable":[86],"cations":[87],"(boiling":[88],"points:":[89],"155\u00b0C":[90],"131\u00b0C).":[92],"Adding":[93],"200":[94],"mM":[95,145],"triflic":[96],"enhanced":[98],"Pt":[99,185],"activity,":[100,181],"yielding":[101],"ORR":[102,134,194],"currents":[103,117,155],"-7.17":[105],"-3.08":[107],"mA/cm":[108,122],"2":[109,123,139],"at":[110,124],"0":[111],"V":[112,126],"vs.":[113,127],"RHE,":[114],"HOR":[116,154,196],"2.31":[119],"1.43":[121],"0.75":[125],"RHE":[128],"respectively.":[133,202],"was":[135],"limited":[136],"O":[138],"solubility":[140],"beyond":[141],"300":[142],"400":[144],"added":[146,160],"respectively,":[152],"while":[153],"remained":[156],"linearly":[157],"dependent":[158],"on":[159,184],"up":[162],"500":[164],"mM.":[165],"study":[167],"concludes":[168],"PILs":[171,178],"unsuitable":[173],"PEMFCs.":[175],"Although":[176],"support":[179],"electrochemical":[180],"cation":[182],"adsorption":[183],"increases":[186],"overpotentials":[187,197],"reduces":[189],"limiting":[190],"currents;":[191],"[Bu-Pyrr]":[192],"raised":[193],"\u223c10%":[199],"6%,":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}