{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124141100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","title":"Deep Learning-Based Detection of Carotid Artery Atheromas in Panoramic Radiographs","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Detection of Carotid Artery Atheromas in Panoramic Radiographs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124141100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41596025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bioengineering13010095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/13/1/95/pdf?version=1768382122","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179121","display_name":"Bioengineering","issn_l":"2306-5354","issn":["2306-5354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/13/1/95/pdf?version=1768382122","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094306369","display_name":"Tha\u00eds Martins Jajah Carlos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-6686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-6686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80850581","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia","ror":"https://ror.org/04x3wvr31","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80850581"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thais Martins Jajah Carlos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-6686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80850581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046533592","display_name":"M\u00e1rcio Jos\u00e9 da Cunha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-8031","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-8031"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80850581","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia","ror":"https://ror.org/04x3wvr31","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80850581"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rcio Jos\u00e9 da Cunha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-8031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80850581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033787442","display_name":"Aniel Silva de Morais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9707-115X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9707-115X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80850581","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia","ror":"https://ror.org/04x3wvr31","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80850581"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aniel Silva Morais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9707-115X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80850581"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043721377","display_name":"Fernando Lessa Tofoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9060","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9060"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166595947","display_name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei","ror":"https://ror.org/03vrj4p82","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166595947"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Lessa Tofoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei 36307-352, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei 36307-352, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166595947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046533592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80850581"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02256115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"95","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10816","display_name":"Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carotid-artery-calcification","display_name":"carotid artery calcification","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panoramic-dental-radiographs","display_name":"dental panoramic radiographs","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobilenetv2","display_name":"MobileNetV2","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning-detection","display_name":"deep learning detection","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke-risk-screening","display_name":"stroke risk screening","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/region-of-interest-images","display_name":"region of interest images","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-stage-fine-tuning","display_name":"two-stage fine-tuning","score":0.6629999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7562000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.6297000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987047532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214275","display_name":"Carotid arteries","level":2,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781064879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214275","display_name":"Common carotid artery","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019831412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5778278","display_name":"Fully automatic","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bioengineering13010095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/13/1/95/pdf?version=1768382122","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179121","display_name":"Bioengineering","issn_l":"2306-5354","issn":["2306-5354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41596025","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41596025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6d3c6a7cb6e045fb95571b9533cf72e8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6d3c6a7cb6e045fb95571b9533cf72e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bioengineering, Vol 13, Iss 1, p 95 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12837473","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12837473/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bioengineering (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bioengineering13010095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/13/1/95/pdf?version=1768382122","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179121","display_name":"Bioengineering","issn_l":"2306-5354","issn":["2306-5354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4008631110191345,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1426168670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Code 001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322980","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G29316538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Code 001)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322980","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/00nc55f03"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124141100.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124141100.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2752517284","https://openalex.org/W2947884732","https://openalex.org/W3074741277","https://openalex.org/W3088017652","https://openalex.org/W3101790025","https://openalex.org/W3109000972","https://openalex.org/W3150212014","https://openalex.org/W3211748154","https://openalex.org/W4220923537","https://openalex.org/W4308624731","https://openalex.org/W4309686612","https://openalex.org/W4311631165","https://openalex.org/W4365136071","https://openalex.org/W4366524891","https://openalex.org/W4389933167","https://openalex.org/W4390585627","https://openalex.org/W4395111584","https://openalex.org/W4399430931","https://openalex.org/W4400442025","https://openalex.org/W4401028590","https://openalex.org/W4401354879","https://openalex.org/W4402637208","https://openalex.org/W4403607649","https://openalex.org/W4403611770","https://openalex.org/W4403732668","https://openalex.org/W4403741472","https://openalex.org/W4407363238","https://openalex.org/W4409954921","https://openalex.org/W4410498502","https://openalex.org/W4411702148","https://openalex.org/W4412177633","https://openalex.org/W4414159861"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radiographically":[0],"visible":[1],"carotid":[2,56],"artery":[3],"calcifications":[4],"are":[5],"typically":[6],"seen":[7],"at":[8],"the":[9,12,44,111,129,142,146,164,174,187,216],"level":[10],"of":[11,39,55,110,128,152,156,160,178,218],"C3\u2013C4":[13],"cervical":[14],"vertebrae":[15],"and":[16,74,94,124,171,196,214],"can":[17],"be":[18],"detected":[19],"on":[20,136],"panoramic":[21,203],"dental":[22],"radiographs.":[23],"Their":[24],"early":[25,122],"identification":[26,54,226],"is":[27],"clinically":[28],"relevant,":[29],"as":[30,205],"they":[31],"represent":[32],"a":[33,48,61,99,181],"potential":[34,217],"marker":[35],"for":[36,52,210],"increased":[37],"risk":[38,213],"stroke.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"context,":[43],"present":[45],"study":[46],"proposes":[47],"deep":[49],"learning":[50],"method":[51],"automatic":[53],"atheromas":[57],"using":[58],"MobileNetV2.":[59],"From":[60],"publicly":[62],"available":[63],"dataset,":[64],"378":[65],"region-of-interest":[66],"(ROI)":[67],"images":[68],"(640":[69],"\u00d7":[70],"320)":[71],"were":[72],"prepared":[73],"split":[75],"into":[76],"train/val/test":[77],"=":[78,116,191,194,198],"264/57/57":[79],"with":[80],"class":[81],"counts":[82],"train":[83],"157/107,":[84],"val":[85],"34/23,":[86],"test":[87,144],"34/23":[88],"(negatives/positives).":[89],"Images":[90],"underwent":[91],"standardized":[92],"preprocessing":[93],"on-the-fly":[95],"augmentation;":[96],"training":[97,105],"used":[98],"two-stage":[100],"scheme":[101],"(backbone":[102],"frozen":[103],"\u201chead\u201d":[104],"followed":[106],"by":[107,138],"partial":[108,125],"fine-tuning":[109],"top":[112],"layers),":[113],"class-weighting,":[114],"dropout":[115],"0.3,":[117],"batch":[118],"normalization":[119],"(BN)":[120],"head,":[121],"stopping,":[123],"unfreezing":[126],"(~70%":[127],"backbone).":[130],"The":[131],"decision":[132],"threshold":[133,183],"was":[134],"selected":[135],"validation":[137],"Youden\u2019s":[139],"J.":[140],"On":[141],"independent":[143],"set,":[145],"model":[147,188],"achieved":[148],"an":[149,206],"accuracy":[150],"(ACC)":[151],"94.7%,":[153],"sensitivity":[154],"(SEN)":[155],"95,7%,":[157],"specificity":[158],"(SPE)":[159],"0.941,":[161],"area":[162,172],"under":[163,173],"receiver":[165],"operating":[166],"characteristic":[167],"curve":[168,176],"(AUC)":[169],"0.963,":[170],"precision\u2013recall":[175],"(AUPRC)":[177],"0.968.":[179],"Using":[180],"sensitivity-targeted":[182],"(SEN":[184],"\u2248":[185],"0.80),":[186],"yielded":[189],"ACC":[190],"91.2%,":[192],"SEN":[193],"82.6%,":[195],"SPE":[197],"97.1%.":[199],"These":[200],"results":[201],"support":[202],"radiographs":[204],"opportunistic":[207],"screening":[208],"modality":[209],"systemic":[211],"vascular":[212],"highlight":[215],"artificial":[219],"intelligence":[220],"(AI)-assisted":[221],"methods":[222],"to":[223],"enable":[224],"earlier":[225],"within":[227],"preventive":[228],"healthcare.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}