{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123607289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318","title":"Integrating Generative AI into Cybersecurity Education: A Study of OCR and Multimodal LLM-Assisted Instruction","display_name":"Integrating Generative AI into Cybersecurity Education: A Study of OCR and Multimodal LLM-Assisted Instruction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123607289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607793","display_name":"IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","issn_l":"0190-5848","issn":["0190-5848","2377-634X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7123607289"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.02998","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064144268","display_name":"Karan Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-4748","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-4748"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122977348","display_name":"Yu-Zheng Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Zheng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084563995","display_name":"Gaurangi Raul","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurangi Raul","raw_affiliation_strings":["*College of Information Science, University of Arizona,Tucson,AZ,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*College of Information Science, University of Arizona,Tucson,AZ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031962552","display_name":"Bono Po-Jen Shih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8152-8614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8152-8614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bono Po-Jen Shih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leonhard Center for Enhancement of Engineering Education, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park,PA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leonhard Center for Enhancement of Engineering Education, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park,PA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114987242","display_name":"Matthew William Redondo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew W. Redondo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038401622","display_name":"Banafsheh Saber Latibari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-9191","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-9191"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Banafsheh Saber Latibari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134923557","display_name":"Jesus Pacheco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-5902","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-5902"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4061448","display_name":"Universidad de Sonora","ror":"https://ror.org/00c32gy34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4061448"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Pacheco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sonora,Department of Industrial Engineering,Hermosillo,Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sonora,Department of Industrial Engineering,Hermosillo,Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4061448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010192762","display_name":"Soheil Salehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0553-367X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0553-367X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soheil Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122325219","display_name":"Pratik Satam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratik Satam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Tucson,AZ,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.8013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98606736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.8866999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.8866999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.06360000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-artificial-intelligence-in-education","display_name":"generative AI in education","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity-education","display_name":"cybersecurity education","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"optical character recognition","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-large-language-models","display_name":"multimodal large language models","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-assistants","display_name":"teaching assistants","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experiential-learning","display_name":"experiential learning","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tesseract-ocr","display_name":"Tesseract OCR","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-feedback","display_name":"student feedback","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce-upskilling","display_name":"workforce upskilling","score":0.5609999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7480999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820370","display_name":"Learning styles","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909807104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer-Assisted Instruction","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123353603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421070","display_name":"Experiential knowledge","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607793","display_name":"IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","issn_l":"0190-5848","issn":["0190-5848","2377-634X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.02998","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02998","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.02998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.02998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.02998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.02998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.02998","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02998","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.02998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5512667428","display_name":"Education DCL: EAGER: Generative AI-based Personalized Cybersecurity Tutor for Fourth Industrial Revolution","funder_award_id":"2335046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123607289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123607289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1930508934","https://openalex.org/W2001642682","https://openalex.org/W4285086367","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4375858605","https://openalex.org/W4385071300","https://openalex.org/W4385571232","https://openalex.org/W4386693657","https://openalex.org/W4387294588","https://openalex.org/W4388757755","https://openalex.org/W4391128864","https://openalex.org/W4401285636","https://openalex.org/W4403627462","https://openalex.org/W4404985415","https://openalex.org/W4408146567","https://openalex.org/W4408325791","https://openalex.org/W4409296452","https://openalex.org/W4410098916","https://openalex.org/W4411119608","https://openalex.org/W4413388346","https://openalex.org/W7087021622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214778502","https://openalex.org/W7124104312","https://openalex.org/W7139985308","https://openalex.org/W7169517779","https://openalex.org/W7204665571","https://openalex.org/W7217689824","https://openalex.org/W4414386317","https://openalex.org/W4411666973","https://openalex.org/W7125829677","https://openalex.org/W4416016993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,102,118,283],"research":[1],"category":[2],"full":[3],"paper":[4,103],"describes":[5],"an":[6,42,207],"LLM":[7,173,255],"assisted":[8,133],"instruction":[9,176],"integration":[10,182],"with":[11,178,206,240,261,275],"a":[12,105,113,122,171,190,202,217,229,276,287,304],"virtual":[13],"cybersecurity":[14],"lab":[15],"platform.":[16,117],"The":[17,147,184],"rapid":[18],"digital":[19],"transformation":[20],"of":[21,81,211,221],"Fourth":[22],"Industrial":[23],"Revolution":[24],"(4IR)":[25],"systems":[26],"is":[27],"transforming":[28],"today's":[29],"workforce":[30,58],"needs,":[31],"increasing":[32,43],"skill":[33,47,95],"set":[34],"gaps,":[35],"especially":[36],"for":[37,307],"the":[38,57,76,138,151,156,222,241,246,253,265],"older":[39],"workforce.":[40],"With":[41],"emphasis":[44],"on":[45,213,259,272],"STEM":[46],"sets":[48,96],"like":[49],"robotics,":[50],"automation,":[51],"artificial":[52],"intelligence":[53],"(AI),":[54,74],"and":[55,64,164,181,194,249,280,289],"security,":[56],"will":[59],"have":[60],"to":[61,66,78,165,244],"be":[62],"re-skilled":[63],"up-skilled":[65],"meet":[67],"future":[68],"industry":[69],"needs.":[70],"Generative":[71],"Artificial":[72],"Intelligence":[73],"has":[75],"potential":[77],"aid":[79],"building":[80],"this":[82],"workforce,":[83],"by":[84,87,154,169],"assisting":[85],"trainee's":[86],"acting":[88],"as":[89],"instructional":[90,109,119,148,185,223],"assistant,":[91],"helping":[92],"students":[93],"build":[94],"while":[97],"performing":[98],"experiential":[99,115,152],"learning":[100,116,153],"exercises.":[101],"presents":[104],"generative":[106,297],"AI":[107,298],"based":[108,128],"assistant":[110,120,186],"integrated":[111,136],"into":[112,137,300],"prior":[114],"uses":[121],"zero-shot,":[123],"optical":[124],"character":[125],"recognition":[126],"(OCR)":[127],"Large":[129],"Language":[130],"Model":[131],"(LLM)":[132],"Instruction":[134],"pipeline":[135,256,267,292],"legacy":[139,301],"Cybersecurity":[140],"Labs-as-a-Service":[141],"(CLaaS)":[142],"platform":[143],"developed":[144],"in":[145,189,196,311],"2015.":[146],"agent":[149],"assits":[150],"extracting":[155],"text":[157],"from":[158],"slide":[159,238],"images":[160,239],"using":[161,201,232],"Tesseract":[162],"OCR":[163,242],"generate":[166],"simplied":[167],"instructions":[168],"prompting":[170],"general-purpose":[172],"enabling":[174],"real-time":[175],"optimization":[177],"minimal":[179],"infrastructure":[180],"effort.":[183],"was":[187,199],"evaluated":[188],"live":[191],"university":[192],"course":[193],"where":[195],"student":[197,309],"feedback":[198,209],"collected":[200],"1-to-10":[203],"rating":[204],"scale,":[205],"average":[208],"score":[210],"7.83":[212],"42":[214],"responses,":[215],"indicating":[216],"strong":[218],"perceived":[219],"usefulness":[220],"assistant.":[224],"In":[225],"addition,":[226],"we":[227],"conducted":[228],"comparative":[230],"study":[231],"multimodal":[233],"LLMs":[234],"that":[235,286],"directly":[236],"interpret":[237],"pipeline,":[243],"analyze":[245],"computational":[247],"overhead,":[248,279],"operational":[250,281],"costs.":[251,282],"While":[252],"multi-modal":[254],"performed":[257],"better":[258],"slides":[260,274],"dense":[262],"visual":[263],"content,":[264],"OCR-LLM-based":[266],"delivered":[268],"comparable":[269],"pedagogical":[270],"value":[271],"text-centric":[273],"significantly":[277],"lower":[278],"work":[284],"demonstrates":[285],"lightweight":[288],"easily":[290],"integrable":[291],"can":[293],"effectively":[294],"bring":[295],"modern":[296],"capabilities":[299],"platforms,":[302],"offering":[303],"scalable":[305],"enhancement":[306],"improving":[308],"comprehension":[310],"technical":[312],"education":[313],"settings.":[314]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
