{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123517849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","title":"Organ-Specific Determinants of Tolerance and the Unique Challenge of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation","display_name":"Organ-Specific Determinants of Tolerance and the Unique Challenge of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123517849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41613395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/ti.2025.16017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/transplant-international/articles/10.3389/ti.2025.16017/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121647140","display_name":"Transplant International","issn_l":"0934-0874","issn":["0934-0874","1432-2277"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transplant International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/transplant-international/articles/10.3389/ti.2025.16017/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042699388","display_name":"Ha\u00efzam Oubari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089315","display_name":"H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse","ror":"https://ror.org/006evg656","country_code":"FR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089315","https://openalex.org/I4210100596"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizam Oubari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chirurgie Plastique, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse","Harvard Medical School","Plastic Surgery Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Transplantation Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chirurgie Plastique, Hopital de la Croix-Rousse","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plastic Surgery Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Transplantation Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092434659","display_name":"Lo\u00efc Van Dieren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0781-4691","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0781-4691"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lo\u00efc Van Dieren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School","Plastic Surgery Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Transplantation Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plastic Surgery Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Transplantation Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086748086","display_name":"Curtis L. Cetrulo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-3894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-3894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282927834","display_name":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02pammg90","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282927834"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Curtis L. Cetrulo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cedars-Sinai Medical Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282927834"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059748787","display_name":"Alexandre G. Lellouch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-8662","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-8662"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282927834","display_name":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02pammg90","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282927834"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre G. Lellouch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cedars-Sinai Medical Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282927834"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3051},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3051},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01571767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":null,"first_page":"16017","last_page":"16017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12900","display_name":"Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research","score":0.8256999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2747","display_name":"Transplantation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12900","display_name":"Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research","score":0.8256999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2747","display_name":"Transplantation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11189","display_name":"Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes","score":0.13950000703334808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vascularized-composite-allotransplantation","display_name":"vascularized composite allotransplantation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-hematopoietic-chimerism","display_name":"mixed hematopoietic chimerism","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-allograft-tolerance","display_name":"renal allograft tolerance","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-allograft-tolerance","display_name":"cardiac allograft tolerance","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-t-cells","display_name":"regulatory T cells","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosuppression","display_name":"immunosuppression","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graft-rejection","display_name":"graft rejection","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pig-model","display_name":"porcine model","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonhuman-primates","display_name":"non-human primates","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ischemia-reperfusion-injury","display_name":"ischemia-reperfusion injury","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777702733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356761","display_name":"Immune tolerance","level":3,"score":0.5254999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164027704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491837","display_name":"Proinflammatory cytokine","level":3,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773075","display_name":"Allotransplantation","level":3,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780091579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377","display_name":"Kidney","level":2,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109159458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919283","display_name":"Haematopoiesis","level":3,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018513187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712378","display_name":"Solid organ","level":4,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780252810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455316","display_name":"Immunosuppression","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51785407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2627568","display_name":"Effector","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911091166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106419912","display_name":"Transplantation","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993713153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211709","display_name":"Hematopoietic cell","level":4,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780303639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740909","display_name":"Kidney transplantation","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779609443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368191","display_name":"Liver transplantation","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/ti.2025.16017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/transplant-international/articles/10.3389/ti.2025.16017/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121647140","display_name":"Transplant International","issn_l":"0934-0874","issn":["0934-0874","1432-2277"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transplant International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41613395","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41613395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1e41cd7012c469bad533c0b7245c8ed","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1e41cd7012c469bad533c0b7245c8ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transplant International, Vol 38 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12847060","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12847060/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transpl Int","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/ti.2025.16017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2025.16017","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/transplant-international/articles/10.3389/ti.2025.16017/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121647140","display_name":"Transplant International","issn_l":"0934-0874","issn":["0934-0874","1432-2277"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transplant International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123517849.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123517849.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000432729","https://openalex.org/W2087519572","https://openalex.org/W2119408313","https://openalex.org/W2123252570","https://openalex.org/W2904650423","https://openalex.org/W3013547826","https://openalex.org/W4229442342","https://openalex.org/W4362638364","https://openalex.org/W4394674597","https://openalex.org/W4406216602","https://openalex.org/W4406728169","https://openalex.org/W4411672388","https://openalex.org/W4412851645","https://openalex.org/W4414910048"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Preclinical":[0],"and":[1,16,27,37,90,150,163,174,189,206,230,234,267,290,323,371,426,455,473,528,572,589,599,601],"clinical":[2,574],"data":[3,393],"demonstrate":[4],"that":[5,49,214,447,482,488,518,549,568],"solid":[6,143,490],"organs":[7,22,82,144,200],"differ":[8],"markedly":[9],"in":[10,56,86,134,232,237,385,402,415,440,546],"their":[11,602],"intrinsic":[12],"antigenicity,":[13],"inflammatory":[14],"profiles,":[15],"thresholds":[17],"for":[18,83,350,436,459],"tolerogenic":[19],"conditioning.":[20],"Intraabdominal":[21],"such":[23,145,297],"as":[24,146,292,294,298,532],"the":[25,60,79,135,147,259,304,308,337,437,441,468,494,502,508,581,610],"kidneys":[26,76,112,233],"liver":[28,235],"are":[29,77,113],"inherently":[30],"more":[31,155,175,228,243],"permissive":[32],"to":[33,102,116,193,203,255,278,318,501,514,560,584,590,609],"tolerance,":[34,322],"whereas":[35],"hearts":[36],"lungs":[38],"remain":[39,153],"tolerance-resistant.":[40],"These":[41,180,210],"organ-specific":[42,68,594],"disparities":[43,240],"help":[44],"understand":[45],"why":[46],"chimerism-based":[47,205],"protocols":[48,401],"reliably":[50],"induce":[51,319],"renal":[52,106,407],"tolerance":[53,64,84,133,215,351,378,408,449,499,550,587],"often":[54,97,114,158],"fail":[55],"thoracic":[57,238],"organs,":[58,491],"underscoring":[59],"necessity":[61],"of":[62,261,307,331,336,352,379,428,463,489,497,505,511],"interpreting":[63],"strategies":[65,208,277,500,530,551],"through":[66,361],"an":[67],"rather":[69],"than":[70,236],"organ-agnostic":[71],"lens":[72],"(3).":[73,209],"For":[74],"instance,":[75],"consistently":[78,341,413],"most":[80],"amenable":[81],"induction:":[85],"both":[87,204,597],"NHP":[88,136,442],"models":[89],"haplomatched":[91],"human":[92],"recipients,":[93],"mixed":[94,224,314],"hematopoietic":[95,196],"chimerism,":[96,457],"transient,":[98],"has":[99,339,357],"been":[100,340,359],"sufficient":[101],"achieve":[103],"longterm,":[104],"immunosuppression-free":[105,461],"allograft":[107,132],"survival":[108,462],"(4)(5)(6).":[109],"In":[110,139,311],"fact,":[111],"considered":[115],"possess":[117],"a":[118,121,190,271,324,386,464,605],"protolerogenic":[119],"potential,":[120],"concept":[122],"further":[123,394,544],"supported":[124],"by":[125,220,329,535],"recent":[126],"MGH":[127],"findings":[128,480],"showing":[129],"kidney-induced":[130],"cardiac":[131],"model":[137,389],"(7).":[138],"striking":[140],"contrast,":[141],"other":[142],"heart":[148],"(8)":[149],"lung":[151],"grafts":[152,165,513],"considerably":[154],"refractory,":[156],"necessitating":[157],"stronger":[159,170,186],"immunosuppressive":[160,252],"regimens.":[161],"Cardiac":[162],"pulmonary":[164],"exhibit":[166],"heightened":[167],"ischemia-reperfusion":[168,515],"injury,":[169],"innate":[171],"immune":[172],"activation,":[173],"proinflammatory":[176],"tissue-resident":[177],"leukocyte":[178],"compartments.":[179],"features":[181],"drive":[182],"accelerated":[183],"effector":[184],"priming,":[185],"indirect":[187],"allorecognition,":[188],"limited":[191,258],"capacity":[192],"sustain":[194],"donor":[195],"engraftment,":[197],"making":[198],"these":[199,279,479,512,540],"disproportionately":[201],"resistant":[202],"regulatory-cell-based":[207],"mechanistic":[211],"observations":[212],"underscore":[213,395,548],"induction":[216,400,450],"is":[217,316,348,596],"fundamentally":[218],"shaped":[219],"organ-intrinsic":[221],"biology,":[222],"with":[223,421],"chimerism":[225,315,347,429],"proving":[226],"far":[227],"stable":[229],"effective":[231],"organs.These":[239],"become":[241],"even":[242],"pronounced":[244],"when":[245,274],"considering":[246],"vascularized":[247,372],"composite":[248],"allotransplantation":[249],"(VCA).":[250],"High":[251],"requirements":[253],"have,":[254],"date,":[256],"drastically":[257],"number":[260],"VCA":[262,321,354,419,483],"procedures":[263],"performed":[264],"worldwide":[265],"(9),":[266],"this":[268,356,396,579],"translates":[269],"into":[270],"particular":[272],"complexity":[273],"applying":[275],"tolerance-induction":[276,570],"grafts.":[280],"VCAs":[281,381],"contain":[282],"multiple,":[283],"highly":[284,606],"antigenic,":[285],"leukocyte-rich":[286],"tissues,":[287],"including":[288],"skin":[289],"mucosa,":[291],"well":[293],"ischemia-sensitive":[295],"components":[296],"muscle.":[299],"This":[300],"places":[301],"them":[302],"at":[303],"extreme":[305,509],"end":[306],"tolerance-resistance":[309],"spectrum.":[310],"swine,":[312],"transient":[313,453],"insufficient":[317],"full":[320,475],"characteristic":[325],"split-rejection":[326],"phenomenon,":[327],"marked":[328],"acceptance":[330],"musculoskeletal":[332],"elements":[333],"but":[334],"rejection":[335,476],"skin,":[338],"observed":[342],"(10).":[343],"Achieving":[344],"stable,":[345],"multilineage":[346],"required":[349],"all":[353],"components;":[355],"only":[358],"accomplished":[360],"intensified":[362],"conditioning":[363,411],"regimens":[364],"incorporating":[365],"augmented":[366],"irradiation,":[367],"CTLA4-Ig,":[368],"anti-IL-6R":[369],"therapy,":[370],"bone":[373],"marrow,":[374],"which":[375],"enabled":[376],"long-term":[377],"skin-bearing":[380],"across":[382],"class-I":[383],"barriers":[384,595],"clinically":[387],"relevant":[388,607],"(11).":[390],"Nonhuman":[391],"primate":[392],"divide:":[397],"prior":[398],"delayed-tolerance":[399],"cynomolgus":[403],"macaques":[404],"generated":[405],"robust":[406],"under":[409],"identical":[410],"yet":[412],"failed":[414],"hand":[416],"or":[417],"face":[418,444,465],"models,":[420],"early":[422],"rejection,":[423],"infectious":[424],"complications,":[425],"absence":[427],"(12).":[430],"More":[431],"recently,":[432],"our":[433],"group":[434],"demonstrated,":[435],"first":[438],"time":[439],"partial":[443],"transplant":[445],"model,":[446],"simultaneous":[448],"can":[451],"generate":[452],"myeloid":[454],"lymphoid":[456],"allowing":[458],"prolonged":[460],"allograft,":[466],"although":[467],"graft":[469,558],"ultimately":[470],"underwent":[471],"split":[472],"then":[474],"(13).":[477],"Collectively,":[478],"highlight":[481],"immunobiology":[484],"differs":[485],"substantially":[486,521],"from":[487,523,556],"cautioning":[492],"against":[493],"direct":[495],"extrapolation":[496],"kidney-derived":[498],"multi-tissue":[503],"context":[504],"VCA.":[506],"Furthermore,":[507],"sensitivity":[510],"injury":[516],"suggests":[517],"they":[519],"may":[520],"benefit":[522],"ex":[524],"vivo":[525],"preservation,":[526],"preconditioning":[527],"reengineering":[529],"(14),":[531],"also":[533,563],"highlighted":[534],"Blein":[536],"et":[537],"al.Taken":[538],"together,":[539],"organ-and":[541],"species-specific":[542],"distinctions,":[543],"magnified":[545],"VCA,":[547],"cannot":[552],"simply":[553],"be":[554],"transferred":[555],"one":[557],"type":[559],"another.":[561],"They":[562],"outline":[564],"multiple":[565],"conceptual":[566],"layers":[567],"shape":[569],"research":[571],"its":[573],"translation":[575],"(Figure":[576],"1).":[577],"Against":[578],"backdrop,":[580],"authors'":[582],"effort":[583],"synthesize":[585],"crossorgan":[586],"mechanisms":[588],"delineate":[591],"shared":[592],"versus":[593],"timely":[598],"necessary,":[600],"work":[603],"represents":[604],"contribution":[608],"field.":[611]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}