{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123467515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973","title":"QKD-KEM: Hybrid QKD Integration into TLS with OpenSSL Providers","display_name":"QKD-KEM: Hybrid QKD Integration into TLS with OpenSSL Providers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123467515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175722","display_name":"IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","issn_l":"1530-1346","issn":["1530-1346","2642-7389"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093725954","display_name":"Javier Blanco-Romero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0635-953X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0635-953X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Blanco-Romero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Department of Telematic Engineering,Leganés,Madrid,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Department of Telematic Engineering,Leganés,Madrid,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115944661","display_name":"Pedro Otero-Garc\u00eda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Otero Garc\u00b4\u0131a","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vigo,atlanTTic Research Center (IC Lab),Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vigo,atlanTTic Research Center (IC Lab),Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116225224","display_name":"Daniel Sobral-Blanco","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sobral-Blanco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Department of Telematic Engineering,Leganés,Madrid,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Department of Telematic Engineering,Leganés,Madrid,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127955960","display_name":"Florina Almenares Mendoza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florina Almenares Mendoza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Department of Telematic Engineering,Leganés,Madrid,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Department of Telematic Engineering,Leganés,Madrid,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091308112","display_name":"Ana Fern\u00e1ndez Vilas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-2143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-2143"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Fern\u00b4Ndez Vilas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vigo,atlanTTic Research Center (IC Lab),Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vigo,atlanTTic Research Center (IC Lab),Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076160231","display_name":"Rebeca P. D\u0131\u0301az Redondo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-2219","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-2219"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebeca P. D\u00b4\u0131az-Redondo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vigo,atlanTTic Research Center (IC Lab),Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vigo,atlanTTic Research Center (IC Lab),Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6732,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97528565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-encapsulation-mechanism","display_name":"key encapsulation mechanism","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tls","display_name":"TLS","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-quantum-security","display_name":"post-quantum security","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.7789000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103613024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230924","display_name":"Stateless protocol","level":3,"score":0.7515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7042999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148176105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206494","display_name":"Transport Layer Security","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11325973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175722","display_name":"IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","issn_l":"1530-1346","issn":["1530-1346","2642-7389"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W2756386947","https://openalex.org/W2915352631","https://openalex.org/W3006099173","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3094427914","https://openalex.org/W4385247794","https://openalex.org/W4388470373","https://openalex.org/W4393242480","https://openalex.org/W4401020371","https://openalex.org/W4402454188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089986627","https://openalex.org/W4411969981","https://openalex.org/W4388470373","https://openalex.org/W2148522479","https://openalex.org/W7155070405","https://openalex.org/W7130569343","https://openalex.org/W7097150117","https://openalex.org/W7160335717","https://openalex.org/W7131411363","https://openalex.org/W4396891810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"Key":[1],"Distribution":[2],"(QKD)":[3],"promises":[4],"information-theoretic":[5],"security,":[6],"yet":[7],"integrating":[8],"QKD":[9,75,86,145],"into":[10],"existing":[11,55],"protocols":[12,78],"like":[13],"TLS":[14,109],"remains":[15],"challenging":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,54,59,98],"its":[19],"fundamentally":[20],"different":[21,144],"operational":[22],"model.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27,104],"propose":[28],"a":[29,38,50],"hybrid":[30,124],"QKD-KEM":[31],"protocol":[32],"with":[33,42,107,126],"two":[34],"distinct":[35],"integration":[36,72],"approaches:":[37],"client-initiated":[39],"flow":[40,52],"compatible":[41],"both":[43],"ETSI":[44,61],"004":[45],"and":[46,49],"014":[47,62],"specifications,":[48],"server-initiated":[51],"similar":[53],"work":[56,68],"but":[57,88],"limited":[58],"stateless":[60],"APIs.":[63],"Unlike":[64],"previous":[65],"implementations,":[66],"our":[67,123],"specifically":[69],"addresses":[70],"the":[71,120,140],"of":[73,115,122,143],"stateful":[74],"key":[76,102],"exchange":[77],"(ETSI":[79],"004)":[80],"which":[81],"is":[82,136],"essential":[83],"for":[84],"production":[85],"networks":[87],"has":[89],"remained":[90],"largely":[91],"unexplored.":[92],"By":[93],"adapting":[94],"OpenSSL\u2019s":[95],"provider":[96],"infrastructure":[97],"accommodate":[99],"QKD\u2019s":[100],"pre-distributed":[101],"model,":[103],"maintain":[105],"compatibility":[106],"current":[108],"implementations":[110],"while":[111,138],"offering":[112],"dual":[113],"layers":[114],"security.":[116],"Performance":[117],"evaluations":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"feasibility":[121],"scheme":[125],"acceptable":[127],"overhead,":[128],"showing":[129],"that":[130],"robust":[131],"security":[132],"against":[133],"quantum":[134],"threats":[135],"achievable":[137],"addressing":[139],"unique":[141],"requirements":[142],"API":[146],"specifications.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}