{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123428545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","title":"Refractive Index Sensing Using Small-Period LPGs in Transmission and Reflection Configurations","display_name":"Refractive Index Sensing Using Small-Period LPGs in Transmission and Reflection Configurations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123428545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2307745","display_name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","issn_l":"0733-8724","issn":["0733-8724","1558-2213"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077762126","display_name":"Riccardo Funari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-3833","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-3833"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Funari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-3833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058263690","display_name":"Rana M. Armaghan Ayaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-5646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-5646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. M. A. Ayaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-5646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042366911","display_name":"Fabrizio Di Pasquale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-2626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-2626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Di Pasquale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-2626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019665328","display_name":"Claudio J. Ot\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-7559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-7559"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. J. Oton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-7559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":1.5125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76341073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"7","first_page":"2671","last_page":"2678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-period-fiber-grating","display_name":"long-period fiber grating","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index-sensing","display_name":"refractive index sensing","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-chemical-sensors","display_name":"fiber optic chemical sensors","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cladding-modes","display_name":"cladding modes","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-configuration","display_name":"transmission configuration","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection-configuration","display_name":"reflection configuration","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-sensitivity","display_name":"sensor sensitivity","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-performance","display_name":"noise performance","score":0.7390000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36456112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288064","display_name":"Cladding (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.8008999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.7246000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7246000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6535999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777166351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5124919","display_name":"Cladding mode","level":5,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397391","display_name":"Fiber Bragg grating","level":3,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126753812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653294","display_name":"Diffraction grating","level":3,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47378062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15726150","display_name":"High-refractive-index polymer","level":3,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170395517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234943","display_name":"Total internal reflection","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45613198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134091","display_name":"Optical filter","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503","display_name":"Excitation","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107157254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256244","display_name":"Photonic-crystal fiber","level":3,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132794960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27304","display_name":"Chirp","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176533092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7607955","display_name":"Step-index profile","level":5,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78854221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206369100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307566","display_name":"Refractive index profile","level":3,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178020","display_name":"Coupled mode theory","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2307745","display_name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","issn_l":"0733-8724","issn":["0733-8724","1558-2213"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/587378","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11382/587378","pdf_url":"https://www.iris.sssup.it/bitstream/11382/587378/1/jlt-44-7-2671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2026.3653642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2307745","display_name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","issn_l":"0733-8724","issn":["0733-8724","1558-2213"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7477258482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IR0000036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322649","display_name":"Universidad de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxc7m23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324216","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324610","display_name":"Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123428545.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123428545.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410857472","https://openalex.org/W2365695462","https://openalex.org/W4410592190","https://openalex.org/W1994860761","https://openalex.org/W2530747355","https://openalex.org/W2365951293","https://openalex.org/W2001797967","https://openalex.org/W3212280792","https://openalex.org/W2065691502","https://openalex.org/W2074487763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Long-period":[0],"gratings":[1,22],"(LPGs)":[2],"are":[3],"promising":[4],"photonic":[5],"chemical":[6],"sensors":[7],"since":[8],"they":[9],"can":[10],"excite":[11],"cladding":[12,29],"modes":[13],"that":[14,70],"interact":[15],"with":[16,104],"the":[17,25,71,107],"surrounding":[18],"medium.":[19],"Small-period":[20],"long-period":[21],"(SP-LPGs)":[23],"allow":[24],"excitation":[26],"of":[27,79,111],"higher-order":[28],"modes,":[30],"providing":[31],"enhanced":[32],"sensitivity":[33,80],"and":[34,49,64,81,109],"improved":[35],"noise":[36],"performance":[37,76],"compared":[38],"to":[39,91],"conventional":[40],"LPGs.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"work,":[44],"we":[45],"present":[46],"both":[47,92],"simulation":[48],"experimental":[50,98],"results":[51,99],"on":[52],"refractive":[53],"index":[54],"sensing":[55,87],"using":[56],"SP-LPGs,":[57],"specifically":[58],"comparing":[59],"their":[60],"operation":[61],"in":[62,77],"transmission":[63],"reflection":[65],"configurations.":[66],"We":[67],"experimentally":[68],"demonstrate":[69],"two":[72],"configurations":[73],"exhibit":[74],"comparable":[75],"terms":[78],"noise,":[82],"thus":[83],"offering":[84],"flexibility":[85],"for":[86],"applications":[88],"where":[89],"access":[90],"fiber":[93],"ends":[94],"is":[95],"limited.":[96],"The":[97],"show":[100],"an":[101],"excellent":[102],"agreement":[103],"simulations,":[105],"highlighting":[106],"robustness":[108],"versatility":[110],"SP-LPG-based":[112],"sensors.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}