{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123357368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077","title":"VSTherm: A Virtual Path-Based Stochastic Solver for Full-Chip Leakage-Aware Nonlinear Thermal Simulation","display_name":"VSTherm: A Virtual Path-Based Stochastic Solver for Full-Chip Leakage-Aware Nonlinear Thermal Simulation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123357368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057149253","display_name":"Yuan Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8275-490X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8275-490X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8275-490X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111351889","display_name":"Zhixuan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2201-8378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2201-8378"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixuan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2201-8378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159066389","display_name":"Yuyan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9046-5056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9046-5056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9046-5056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037328458","display_name":"Changhao Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8936-3945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8936-3945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhao Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8936-3945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039204202","display_name":"Zhaori Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-3150","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-3150"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaori Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-3150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079056437","display_name":"Keren Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-141X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-141X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keren Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-141X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114310084","display_name":"Sheng-Guo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7472-4033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7472-4033","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-675X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng-Guo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Charlotte"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-675X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054960059","display_name":"Dian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-5232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-5232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-5232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064213921","display_name":"Xuan Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8097-4053","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8097-4053"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8097-4053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01519391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"9","first_page":"4464","last_page":"4477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.26249998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.26249998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.155799999833107,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13116","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Numerical Methods","score":0.12680000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage-power","display_name":"leakage power","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-solvers","display_name":"stochastic solvers","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brownian-motion","display_name":"Brownian motion","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-decomposition","display_name":"path decomposition","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-nonlinearity","display_name":"thermal nonlinearity","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit-thermal-management","display_name":"integrated circuit thermal management","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpu-acceleration","display_name":"GPU acceleration","score":0.6140000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.7506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6922000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6137999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4180825","display_name":"Stochastic simulation","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112401455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178036","display_name":"Brownian motion","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115527620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769909","display_name":"Nonlinear programming","level":3,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777187653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975106","display_name":"MPSoC","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2026.3652077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513091520","https://openalex.org/W1587029759","https://openalex.org/W1974980293","https://openalex.org/W1996322574","https://openalex.org/W1997764898","https://openalex.org/W2099647435","https://openalex.org/W2127725283","https://openalex.org/W2129960401","https://openalex.org/W2133548584","https://openalex.org/W2137358780","https://openalex.org/W2138351227","https://openalex.org/W2167410330","https://openalex.org/W2503537357","https://openalex.org/W2540437384","https://openalex.org/W2612935358","https://openalex.org/W3088685084","https://openalex.org/W3091961957","https://openalex.org/W3156811509","https://openalex.org/W4379115896","https://openalex.org/W4386764223","https://openalex.org/W4389162748","https://openalex.org/W4403095629","https://openalex.org/W4409282640","https://openalex.org/W4409282681","https://openalex.org/W4413122371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401414564","https://openalex.org/W4416874307","https://openalex.org/W2612935358","https://openalex.org/W4416429959","https://openalex.org/W2773759500","https://openalex.org/W7222920631","https://openalex.org/W2053451354","https://openalex.org/W2613887601","https://openalex.org/W2905832496","https://openalex.org/W2480087624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,87],"continuous":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,127,156],"semiconductor":[4],"processes":[5],"has":[6],"led":[7],"to":[8,59,107,114,158,161],"increasingly":[9],"prominent":[10],"leakage":[11],"power":[12],"issues":[13],"in":[14,26,95],"integrated":[15],"circuits":[16],"(ICs),":[17],"making":[18],"leakage-aware":[19,84],"nonlinear":[20,67],"thermal":[21,68,85,117],"simulation":[22,118],"a":[23,76,111,154],"critical":[24],"challenge":[25],"modern":[27],"chip":[28],"design.":[29],"Traditional":[30],"deterministic":[31],"field":[32],"solvers":[33,103],"provide":[34],"high":[35],"accuracy":[36],"but":[37,55],"suffer":[38],"from":[39,64,104,141],"significant":[40],"computational":[41],"inefficiencies":[42],"when":[43],"handling":[44,126],"large-scale":[45],"mesh":[46],"structures.":[47],"Conversely,":[48],"stochastic":[49,79,102,112],"methods":[50],"offer":[51],"rapid":[52],"computation":[53],"speeds":[54],"are":[56],"inherently":[57],"limited":[58],"single-point":[60,105],"solutions,":[61,109],"preventing":[62],"them":[63],"effectively":[65],"addressing":[66],"problems.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"this":[72],"challenge,":[73],"we":[74,130],"propose":[75],"virtual":[77,88,99],"path-based":[78],"solver":[80,164],"that":[81,150],"enables":[82],"efficient":[83],"simulation.":[86],"path":[89,94,139],"algorithm":[90],"decomposes":[91],"each":[92],"real":[93],"Brownian":[96],"motion":[97],"into":[98],"paths,":[100],"extending":[101],"solutions":[106],"regional":[108],"allowing":[110],"method":[113,152],"achieve":[115],"full-chip":[116],"for":[119],"the":[120,125,133,138,142,162],"first":[121,143],"time,":[122],"thus":[123],"enabling":[124],"nonlinearity.":[128],"Additionally,":[129],"further":[131],"accelerate":[132],"iteration":[134],"process":[135],"by":[136],"reusing":[137],"trajectories":[140],"solution":[144],"process.":[145],"Extensive":[146],"experimental":[147],"evaluations":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"our":[151],"achieves":[153],"speedup":[155],"20.17\u00d7":[157],"52.23\u00d7":[159],"compared":[160],"state-of-the-art":[163],"3D-ICE":[165],"on":[166],"4":[167],"GPUs":[168],"across":[169],"various":[170],"scenarios":[171],"while":[172],"maintaining":[173],"comparable":[174],"accuracy.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
