{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123344764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816","title":"Evolution of Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Smart Sensors With Emphasis on Biomedical Applications: A Review","display_name":"Evolution of Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Smart Sensors With Emphasis on Biomedical Applications: A Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123344764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189694085","display_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","issn_l":"1530-437X","issn":["1530-437X","1558-1748","2379-9153"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321027","host_organization_name":"IEEE Sensors Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321027","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Sensors Council","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065143583","display_name":"Amit Kumar Shakya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-4276","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-4276"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Shakya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-4276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039308040","display_name":"Ayushman Ramola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-5401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-5401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayushman Ramola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-5401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064771025","display_name":"Nezah Balal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-4053","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-4053"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nezah Balal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-4053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027719633","display_name":"Arik Bergman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7257-4976","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7257-4976"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arik Bergman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7257-4976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.1059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99824664,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"5288","last_page":"5301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10295","display_name":"Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonic-crystal-fiber","display_name":"photonic crystal fiber","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-plasmon-resonance-biosensor","display_name":"surface plasmon resonance biosensor","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-sensors","display_name":"smart sensors","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-sensing","display_name":"biomedical sensing","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index-sensing","display_name":"refractive index sensing","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-biomarker-detection","display_name":"disease biomarker detection","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-detection","display_name":"protein detection","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-detection","display_name":"DNA detection","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-detection","display_name":"glucose detection","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen-detection","display_name":"pathogen detection","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexed-detection","display_name":"multiplexed detection","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-miniaturization","display_name":"sensor miniaturization","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatibility","display_name":"biocompatibility","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-sensing","display_name":"temperature sensing","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pressure-sensing","display_name":"pressure sensing","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-sensing","display_name":"chemical sensing","score":0.8050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110879396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58392","display_name":"Plasmon","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106847996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898756","display_name":"Surface plasmon resonance","level":3,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130277099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3676605","display_name":"Figure of merit","level":2,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75302062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900150","display_name":"Photonic crystal","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176563091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669238","display_name":"Intelligent sensor","level":3,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107157254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256244","display_name":"Photonic-crystal fiber","level":3,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27289702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2475861","display_name":"Nanophotonics","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69544855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757625","display_name":"Atomic layer deposition","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41858301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2327870","display_name":"Nanosensor","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88484716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679","display_name":"Smart material","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2026.3650816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189694085","display_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","issn_l":"1530-437X","issn":["1530-437X","1558-1748","2379-9153"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321027","host_organization_name":"IEEE Sensors Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321027","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Sensors Council","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1037020348","https://openalex.org/W1956990356","https://openalex.org/W1986125451","https://openalex.org/W1986686752","https://openalex.org/W2035620276","https://openalex.org/W2042870206","https://openalex.org/W2064218418","https://openalex.org/W2077794944","https://openalex.org/W2213125579","https://openalex.org/W2216006912","https://openalex.org/W2218475734","https://openalex.org/W2317627599","https://openalex.org/W2397204395","https://openalex.org/W2426790232","https://openalex.org/W2685973483","https://openalex.org/W2744323964","https://openalex.org/W2765517572","https://openalex.org/W2784226761","https://openalex.org/W2786854379","https://openalex.org/W2805854276","https://openalex.org/W2905991378","https://openalex.org/W2944131686","https://openalex.org/W2955981552","https://openalex.org/W2966728136","https://openalex.org/W2986301600","https://openalex.org/W3001972590","https://openalex.org/W3010078474","https://openalex.org/W3030283623","https://openalex.org/W3044734471","https://openalex.org/W3047181326","https://openalex.org/W3089219345","https://openalex.org/W3091712991","https://openalex.org/W3111331482","https://openalex.org/W3114569035","https://openalex.org/W3115916302","https://openalex.org/W3130605307","https://openalex.org/W3149845254","https://openalex.org/W3160900776","https://openalex.org/W3165697979","https://openalex.org/W3173308501","https://openalex.org/W3191632020","https://openalex.org/W3197451129","https://openalex.org/W3200145212","https://openalex.org/W3202849450","https://openalex.org/W3208156123","https://openalex.org/W3212641932","https://openalex.org/W3217773166","https://openalex.org/W4200139211","https://openalex.org/W4210939043","https://openalex.org/W4214736869","https://openalex.org/W4220934577","https://openalex.org/W4225006764","https://openalex.org/W4225475249","https://openalex.org/W4229070207","https://openalex.org/W4288035397","https://openalex.org/W4293722546","https://openalex.org/W4294363573","https://openalex.org/W4294739090","https://openalex.org/W4298005183","https://openalex.org/W4310350010","https://openalex.org/W4311015800","https://openalex.org/W4313595028","https://openalex.org/W4317934357","https://openalex.org/W4319789042","https://openalex.org/W4322615177","https://openalex.org/W4327948277","https://openalex.org/W4360898048","https://openalex.org/W4367838024","https://openalex.org/W4379880217","https://openalex.org/W4382403844","https://openalex.org/W4383892314","https://openalex.org/W4385446074","https://openalex.org/W4386380395","https://openalex.org/W4386529329","https://openalex.org/W4386885335","https://openalex.org/W4389472703","https://openalex.org/W4389682758","https://openalex.org/W4390120164","https://openalex.org/W4391776328","https://openalex.org/W4393241393","https://openalex.org/W4393346722","https://openalex.org/W4399169412","https://openalex.org/W4399530372","https://openalex.org/W4399593744","https://openalex.org/W4399728574","https://openalex.org/W4400956278","https://openalex.org/W4401866290","https://openalex.org/W4402568955","https://openalex.org/W4402767690","https://openalex.org/W4403971165","https://openalex.org/W4404297432","https://openalex.org/W4404512624","https://openalex.org/W4404624428","https://openalex.org/W4405613553","https://openalex.org/W4406007369","https://openalex.org/W4406070410","https://openalex.org/W4408787549","https://openalex.org/W4410082160","https://openalex.org/W4410475326","https://openalex.org/W4411032953","https://openalex.org/W4411315666","https://openalex.org/W4413340202","https://openalex.org/W4415230183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411738037","https://openalex.org/W3135110800","https://openalex.org/W7118679667","https://openalex.org/W7162418260","https://openalex.org/W4416601680","https://openalex.org/W4402568955","https://openalex.org/W7133569390","https://openalex.org/W7163067779","https://openalex.org/W4324133525","https://openalex.org/W7164996678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photonic":[0],"crystal":[1],"fiber":[2],"(PCF)":[3],"based":[4,99],"surface":[5],"plasmon":[6],"resonance":[7],"(SPR)":[8],"sensors":[9],"have":[10,78,159],"emerged":[11],"as":[12,68,144,146],"powerful":[13],"groundbreaking":[14],"platforms":[15],"for":[16],"smart":[17,200],"biomedical":[18,52,202],"sensing":[19,45,65,171],"due":[20],"to":[21,126,157,172],"their":[22],"exceptional":[23],"light\u2013matter":[24],"interaction,":[25],"structural":[26],"tunability,":[27],"and":[28,36,60,74,110,151,169,192],"high":[29],"sensitivity.":[30],"This":[31,177],"review":[32,164],"presents":[33],"a":[34,48,174],"concise":[35],"critical":[37],"overview":[38],"of":[39,90,136,153,188,198],"recent":[40,120],"advances":[41],"in":[42,113,195],"PCF":[43],"SPR":[44],"technologies":[46],"with":[47],"primary":[49],"focus":[50],"on":[51,133],"applications,":[53],"including":[54,86],"disease":[55],"biomarkers,":[56],"proteins,":[57],"DNA,":[58],"glucose,":[59],"pathogenic":[61],"microorganisms\u2019":[62],"detection.":[63],"Smart":[64],"capabilities":[66],"such":[67],"real-time":[69],"monitoring,":[70],"miniaturization,":[71],"multiplexed":[72],"detection,":[73,100],"enhanced":[75],"sensor":[76,83,114,129],"selectivity":[77],"been":[79,160],"systematically":[80],"analyzed.":[81],"Key":[82],"performance":[84],"parameters,":[85],"sensitivity,":[87],"resolution,":[88],"limit":[89],"detection":[91,139],"(LOD),":[92],"specificity,":[93],"response":[94],"time,":[95],"refractive":[96],"index":[97],"(RI)":[98],"internal":[101],"metal":[102,106],"deposition":[103,107],"(IMD),":[104],"external":[105],"(EMD),":[108],"biocompatibility,":[109],"hybrid":[111,185],"models":[112],"optimization":[115],"are":[116],"comprehensively":[117],"discussed.":[118],"Across":[119],"reports,":[121],"wavelength":[122],"sensitivity":[123],"reaches":[124],"up":[125,156],"130,000":[127],"nm/RIU,":[128],"resolution":[130],"is":[131],"reported":[132],"the":[134,163,196],"order":[135],"10\u207b\u2077":[137],"RIU,":[138,150],"limits":[140],"(LOD)":[141],"can":[142],"be":[143],"low":[145],"1.19":[147],"\u00d7":[148],"10\u207b\u2075":[149],"figures":[152],"merit":[154],"(FOM)":[155],"6000":[158],"demonstrated.":[161],"Additionally,":[162],"briefly":[165],"addresses":[166],"temperature,":[167],"chemical,":[168],"pressure":[170],"provide":[173],"broader":[175],"perspective.":[176],"work":[178],"further":[179],"highlights":[180],"current":[181],"challenges,":[182],"research":[183],"gaps,":[184],"techniques,":[186],"use":[187],"artificial":[189],"intelligence":[190],"(AI)":[191],"future":[193],"opportunities":[194],"development":[197],"next-generation":[199],"PCF\u2013SPR":[201],"sensors.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":67}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
