{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7120971908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","title":"Optimization of Parameters for the Reduction Process of Um Nar Iron Ore Using Sawdust Biomass","display_name":"Optimization of Parameters for the Reduction Process of Um Nar Iron Ore Using Sawdust Biomass","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7120971908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764674460","display_name":"Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy","issn_l":"2199-3823","issn":["2199-3823","2199-3831"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038942715","display_name":"M. S. METWALLY","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9253-9596","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9253-9596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184834183","display_name":"Al-Azhar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnp1145","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa A. Metwally","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Mining and Petroleum Department, Al-Azhar University, Qena, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9253-9596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Mining and Petroleum Department, Al-Azhar University, Qena, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089341859","display_name":"Mohamed G. Farghaly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0817-1034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0817-1034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184834183","display_name":"Al-Azhar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnp1145","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed G. Farghaly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Mining and Petroleum Department, Al-Azhar University, Qena, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Mining and Petroleum Department, Al-Azhar University, Qena, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122725840","display_name":"A. M. Ramadan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184834183","display_name":"Al-Azhar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnp1145","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. M. Ramadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Mining and Petroleum Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Mining and Petroleum Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018915491","display_name":"El-Sayed R. E. Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-6696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-6696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136241","display_name":"Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03j96nc67","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094263","https://openalex.org/I4210136241"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"El-Sayed R. E. Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute (CMRDI), Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute (CMRDI), Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136241"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038942715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":3.6747,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89603271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"1390","last_page":"1404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11837","display_name":"Iron and Steelmaking Processes","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11837","display_name":"Iron and Steelmaking Processes","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12774","display_name":"Bauxite Residue and Utilization","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11802","display_name":"Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-ore-reduction","display_name":"iron ore reduction","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-reducing-agent","display_name":"green reducing agent","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/box-behnken-design","display_name":"Box-Behnken design","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-feasibility","display_name":"economic feasibility","score":0.7070000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780308376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816713","display_name":"Sawdust","level":2,"score":0.8019000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779748816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191552","display_name":"Iron ore","level":2,"score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064870","display_name":"Muffle furnace","level":4,"score":0.6164000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.5722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5260166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934258","display_name":"Pelletizing","level":3,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779833257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663154","display_name":"Magnetic separation","level":2,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171991868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304213","display_name":"Banded iron formation","level":3,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781409005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901785","display_name":"Pig iron","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19229882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1724341","display_name":"Kiln","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24763909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313218","display_name":"Direct reduced iron","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138782731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2782134","display_name":"Beneficiation","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C915527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907347","display_name":"Ferroalloy","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256630","display_name":"Rotary kiln","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188442228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48286","display_name":"Pulp (tooth)","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764674460","display_name":"Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy","issn_l":"2199-3823","issn":["2199-3823","2199-3831"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40831-025-01378-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764674460","display_name":"Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy","issn_l":"2199-3823","issn":["2199-3823","2199-3831"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.40450000762939453,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328628","display_name":"Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03j96nc67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330007","display_name":"Al-Azhar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnp1145"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7120971908.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7120971908.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952403139","https://openalex.org/W1965258535","https://openalex.org/W1977215451","https://openalex.org/W1984917638","https://openalex.org/W1987879837","https://openalex.org/W2056788783","https://openalex.org/W2067701098","https://openalex.org/W2164135717","https://openalex.org/W2473673625","https://openalex.org/W2511902534","https://openalex.org/W2620328195","https://openalex.org/W2804711819","https://openalex.org/W2890944156","https://openalex.org/W2940951746","https://openalex.org/W2945313956","https://openalex.org/W2980341771","https://openalex.org/W2980418948","https://openalex.org/W2990023392","https://openalex.org/W2990811777","https://openalex.org/W3016599353","https://openalex.org/W3020936536","https://openalex.org/W3091543060","https://openalex.org/W3176037569","https://openalex.org/W4285732087","https://openalex.org/W4310908948","https://openalex.org/W4318776602","https://openalex.org/W4366424884","https://openalex.org/W4386446014","https://openalex.org/W4389737985","https://openalex.org/W4406048872","https://openalex.org/W4407596517","https://openalex.org/W4409675450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409675450","https://openalex.org/W4407596517","https://openalex.org/W4411614411","https://openalex.org/W4411306822","https://openalex.org/W1987879837","https://openalex.org/W2379161753","https://openalex.org/W7214764433","https://openalex.org/W7203669978","https://openalex.org/W4412429414","https://openalex.org/W2803677019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0,230],"The":[1],"Um":[2,65,129,187,226],"Nar":[3,66,130,188,227],"banded":[4],"iron":[5,27,46,54,223],"formation":[6],"(BIF),":[7],"one":[8],"of":[9,18,52,64,142,179,205],"the":[10,14,50,62,92,101,107,116,120,123,128,176,180],"largest":[11],"occurrences":[12],"within":[13],"Pan-African":[15],"basement":[16],"rocks":[17],"Egypt\u2019s":[19],"Eastern":[20],"Desert,":[21],"represents":[22],"a":[23,72,139,148,157,193],"significant":[24,109],"target":[25],"for":[26,119,144,219],"ore":[28,182,207],"exploration.":[29],"However,":[30],"no":[31],"commercial":[32],"mining":[33],"operations":[34],"have":[35],"yet":[36],"been":[37],"established":[38],"due":[39],"to":[40,105],"its":[41],"high-silica":[42,45],"content,":[43],"as":[44,71,81],"ores":[47],"adversely":[48],"affect":[49],"production":[51],"pig":[53],"and":[55,86,98,114,163,195,216],"steel.":[56],"This":[57,211],"study":[58],"focused":[59],"on":[60],"investigating":[61],"reduction":[63,77,84,87],"BIF":[67,131,189],"by":[68],"biomass":[69],"sawdust":[70,143,191],"green":[73],"reducing":[74,127,133],"agent.":[75],"Key":[76],"process":[78],"parameters,":[79],"such":[80],"reductant":[82],"concentration,":[83],"temperature,":[85],"time,":[88],"were":[89,96],"investigated":[90],"in":[91,147],"study.":[93],"Reduction":[94],"experiments":[95],"designed":[97],"analyzed":[99],"using":[100,190],"Box\u2013Behnken":[102],"Design":[103],"(BBD)":[104],"identify":[106],"most":[108],"variables,":[110],"assess":[111],"their":[112],"interactions,":[113],"determine":[115],"optimal":[117],"conditions":[118,134],"process.":[121],"At":[122],"optimum":[124],"conditions,":[125],"i.e.,":[126],"under":[132,208],"at":[135],"796":[136],"\u00b0C":[137],"with":[138,169,198],"10%":[140],"concentration":[141],"30":[145],"min":[146],"muffle":[149],"furnace":[150],"after":[151],"wet":[152],"low-intensity":[153],"magnetic":[154],"separation":[155],"(WLIMS),":[156],"concentrate":[158,224],"containing":[159],"59%":[160],"total":[161,172],"Fe":[162,173],"6%":[164],"SiO":[165],"2":[166],"was":[167,183],"obtained,":[168],"an":[170,214],"83%":[171],"recovery.":[174],"Additionally,":[175],"economic":[177],"feasibility":[178],"processed":[181],"also":[184],"assessed.":[185],"Upgrading":[186],"demonstrated":[192],"profitable":[194],"eco-friendly":[196],"approach,":[197],"over":[199],"$20":[200],"net":[201],"profit":[202],"per":[203],"ton":[204],"raw":[206],"moderate":[209],"conditions.":[210],"method":[212],"provides":[213],"efficient":[215],"sustainable":[217],"solution":[218],"recovering":[220],"good":[221],"quality":[222],"from":[225],"BIF.":[228],"Graphical":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-11T09:32:39.932853","created_date":"2026-01-11T00:00:00"}
