{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7119979907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04885","title":"CuMA: Aligning LLMs with Sparse Cultural Values via Demographic-Aware Mixture of Adapters","display_name":"CuMA: Aligning LLMs with Sparse Cultural Values via Demographic-Aware Mixture of Adapters","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7119979907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.04885","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04885","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04885","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04885","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122633643","display_name":"Ao Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Ao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122654971","display_name":"Xiaoyu Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Xiaoyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122493791","display_name":"Zhe Tan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan, Zhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122636998","display_name":"Yu Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122603410","display_name":"Jiachen Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256866","display_name":"ByteDance (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04m8av638","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256866"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Jiachen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ByteDance Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ByteDance Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125741134","display_name":"Yuheng Jia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia, Yuheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122525655","display_name":"Shu Su","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su, Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.725600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.725600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.08699999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.06350000202655792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-model-alignment","display_name":"large language model alignment","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-values","display_name":"cultural values","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-diversity","display_name":"cultural diversity","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prism","display_name":"PRISM","score":0.9610000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67666897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165896","display_name":"Prism","level":2,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5428000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984138521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194112","display_name":"Cultural values","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.04885","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04885","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04885","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.04885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.04885","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04885","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04885","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7032028436660767}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119979907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119979907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412886830","https://openalex.org/W4415288418","https://openalex.org/W7126265466","https://openalex.org/W7206164897","https://openalex.org/W7162488734","https://openalex.org/W4403578835","https://openalex.org/W7131910519","https://openalex.org/W7155452532","https://openalex.org/W4405469729","https://openalex.org/W7125310942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"serve":[5],"a":[6,38,74,80,91],"global":[7],"audience,":[8],"alignment":[9,78],"must":[10],"transition":[11],"from":[12,33,59],"enforcing":[13],"universal":[14],"consensus":[15],"to":[16,27,37,43,50,95],"respecting":[17],"cultural":[18,62,137],"pluralism.":[19],"We":[20,47],"demonstrate":[21,112],"that":[22,41,76,113,130],"dense":[23,57,121],"models,":[24],"when":[25],"forced":[26],"fit":[28],"conflicting":[29,98],"value":[30],"distributions,":[31],"suffer":[32],"\\textbf{Mean":[34],"Collapse},":[35],"converging":[36],"generic":[39],"average":[40],"fails":[42],"represent":[44],"diverse":[45],"groups.":[46],"attribute":[48],"this":[49],"\\textbf{Cultural":[51],"Sparsity},":[52],"where":[53],"gradient":[54],"interference":[55],"prevents":[56],"parameters":[58],"spanning":[60],"distinct":[61],"modes.":[63],"To":[64],"resolve":[65],"this,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"\\textbf{\\textsc{CuMA}}":[69],"(\\textbf{Cu}ltural":[70],"\\textbf{M}ixture":[71],"of":[72],"\\textbf{A}dapters),":[73],"framework":[75],"frames":[77],"as":[79],"\\textbf{conditional":[81],"capacity":[82],"separation}":[83],"problem.":[84],"By":[85],"incorporating":[86],"demographic-aware":[87],"routing,":[88],"\\textsc{CuMA}":[89,114,131],"internalizes":[90],"\\textit{Latent":[92],"Cultural":[93],"Topology}":[94],"explicitly":[96],"disentangle":[97],"gradients":[99],"into":[100],"specialized":[101],"expert":[102],"subspaces.":[103],"Extensive":[104],"evaluations":[105],"on":[106],"WorldValuesBench,":[107],"Community":[108],"Alignment,":[109],"and":[110,123],"PRISM":[111],"achieves":[115],"state-of-the-art":[116],"performance,":[117],"significantly":[118],"outperforming":[119],"both":[120],"baselines":[122],"semantic-only":[124],"MoEs.":[125],"Crucially,":[126],"our":[127],"analysis":[128],"confirms":[129],"effectively":[132],"mitigates":[133],"mean":[134],"collapse,":[135],"preserving":[136],"diversity.":[138],"Our":[139],"code":[140],"is":[141],"available":[142],"at":[143],"https://github.com/Throll/CuMA.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-01-10T00:00:00"}
