{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7119829995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04861","title":"Orchestrating Intelligence: Confidence-Aware Routing for Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration across Multi-Scale Models","display_name":"Orchestrating Intelligence: Confidence-Aware Routing for Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration across Multi-Scale Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7119829995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.04861","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04861","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04861","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147396262","display_name":"Jingbo Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Jingbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122531690","display_name":"Sendong Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Sendong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122479860","display_name":"Jiatong Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jiatong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122526491","display_name":"Haochun Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Haochun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122410764","display_name":"Wanting Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Wanting","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140777709","display_name":"Bing Qin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Bing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122439221","display_name":"Ting Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Social Computing and Information Retrieval , Harbin Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-systems","display_name":"multi-agent systems","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"model selection","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-efficiency","display_name":"computational efficiency","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-reduction","display_name":"cost reduction","score":0.6209999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8047000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.7064999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6373999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.04861","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04861","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.04861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.04861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.04861","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2601.04861","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.04861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119829995.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119829995.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7140158435","https://openalex.org/W7127918043","https://openalex.org/W7124310614","https://openalex.org/W7161598555","https://openalex.org/W4407690262","https://openalex.org/W7104075216","https://openalex.org/W7221040319","https://openalex.org/W7090939355","https://openalex.org/W7131384206","https://openalex.org/W4416036229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"multi-agent":[1,57,122],"systems":[2],"(MAS)":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"superior":[6],"performance":[7],"over":[8],"single-agent":[9],"approaches":[10],"in":[11],"complex":[12],"reasoning":[13,45,89],"tasks,":[14],"they":[15],"often":[16],"suffer":[17],"from":[18],"significant":[19],"computational":[20],"inefficiencies.":[21],"Existing":[22],"frameworks":[23],"typically":[24],"deploy":[25],"large":[26],"language":[27],"models":[28],"(LLMs)":[29],"uniformly":[30],"across":[31,65],"all":[32],"agent":[33,82],"roles,":[34],"failing":[35],"to":[36,128,135],"account":[37],"for":[38],"the":[39,88],"varying":[40],"cognitive":[41],"demands":[42],"of":[43,69],"different":[44],"stages.":[46],"We":[47],"address":[48],"this":[49],"inefficiency":[50],"by":[51,126,133],"proposing":[52],"OI-MAS":[53,73,118],"framework,":[54],"a":[55,66,75,95],"novel":[56],"framework":[58],"that":[59,79,98,117],"implements":[60],"an":[61],"adaptive":[62],"model-selection":[63],"policy":[64],"heterogeneous":[67],"pool":[68],"multi-scale":[70],"LLMs.":[71],"Specifically,":[72],"introduces":[74],"state-dependent":[76],"routing":[77],"mechanism":[78,97],"dynamically":[80],"selects":[81,99],"roles":[83],"and":[84],"model":[85,101],"scales":[86,102],"throughout":[87],"process.":[90],"In":[91],"addition,":[92],"we":[93],"introduce":[94],"confidence-aware":[96],"appropriate":[100],"conditioned":[103],"on":[104,111],"task":[105],"complexity,":[106],"thus":[107],"reducing":[108,131],"unnecessary":[109],"reliance":[110],"large-scale":[112],"models.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"results":[115],"show":[116],"consistently":[119],"outperforms":[120],"baseline":[121],"systems,":[123],"improving":[124],"accuracy":[125],"up":[127,134],"12.88\\%":[129],"while":[130],"cost":[132],"79.78\\%.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-01-10T00:00:00"}