{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7119476300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","title":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as a Link Between Obesity, Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as a Link Between Obesity, Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7119476300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41597417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62010132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/62/1/132/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/62/1/132/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113011538","display_name":"Raluca-Elena Alexa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5272-8649","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5272-8649"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raluca-Elena Alexa","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5272-8649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057003694","display_name":"Alexandr Ceasovschih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-9051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-9051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandr Ceasovschih","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-9051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007129155","display_name":"Bianca Codrina Mor\u0103ra\u0219u","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bianca Codrina Mor\u0103ra\u0219u","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079919794","display_name":"Andreea Asaftei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-8746","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-8746"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreea Asaftei","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-8746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102498161","display_name":"Mihai Constantin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6884-1524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6884-1524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Constantin","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103244149","display_name":"Alexandra-Diana Diaconu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-7909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-7909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra-Diana Diaconu","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020711301","display_name":"Anastasia Balta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia Balta","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0262","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068602093","display_name":"Raluca Ecaterina Haliga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-5580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-5580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raluca Ecaterina Haliga","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-5580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086630976","display_name":"Victori\u021ba \u0218orodoc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-2360","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-2360"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victori\u021ba \u0218orodoc","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-2360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051374434","display_name":"Lauren\u021biu \u0218orodoc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-2300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-2300"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I304011483","display_name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/03hd30t45","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125798","display_name":"Spitalul Clinic Jude\u0163ean de Urgen\u0163e \"Sf. Spiridon\" Ia\u015fi","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyfxj96","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren\u021biu \u0218orodoc","raw_affiliation_strings":["2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2nd Internal Medicine Clinic, \u2018Sf. Spiridon\u2019 Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057003694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I304011483","https://openalex.org/I4210125798"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"fwci":7.7455,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96374622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"1","first_page":"132","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13452","display_name":"GDF15 and Related Biomarkers","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13452","display_name":"GDF15 and Related Biomarkers","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10198","display_name":"Heart Failure Treatment and Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11962","display_name":"Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-differentiation-factor-15","display_name":"growth differentiation factor 15","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subclinical-atherosclerosis","display_name":"subclinical atherosclerosis","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-failure","display_name":"heart failure","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiometabolic-risk","display_name":"cardiometabolic risk","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-inflammation","display_name":"chronic inflammation","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intima-media-thickness","display_name":"intima-media thickness","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-artery-calcium","display_name":"coronary artery calcium","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ankle-brachial-index","display_name":"ankle-brachial index","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atherosclerotic-plaque","display_name":"atherosclerotic plaque","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-stratification","display_name":"cardiovascular risk stratification","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-dysfunction","display_name":"metabolic dysfunction","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-disorders","display_name":"metabolic disorders","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-value","display_name":"prognostic value","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113280763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2326546","display_name":"Subclinical infection","level":2,"score":0.7631999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6632999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5695000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.517799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780578515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657193","display_name":"Metabolic syndrome","level":3,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778198053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754","display_name":"Heart failure","level":2,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152541439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186693","display_name":"Critical appraisal","level":3,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991716557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12252367","display_name":"Coronary atherosclerosis","level":3,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778213512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935","display_name":"Coronary artery disease","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779339615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698596","display_name":"Intima-media thickness","level":3,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166976648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229824","display_name":"Population stratification","level":5,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97928714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251376","display_name":"Protective factor","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140608501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318358","display_name":"Review article","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020404979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk stratification","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186413461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744727","display_name":"Genetic association","level":5,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164027704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491837","display_name":"Proinflammatory cytokine","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006333","descriptor_name":"Heart Failure","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050197","descriptor_name":"Atherosclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055436","descriptor_name":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055436","descriptor_name":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055436","descriptor_name":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055436","descriptor_name":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055436","descriptor_name":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055436","descriptor_name":"Growth Differentiation Factor 15","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62010132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/62/1/132/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41597417","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41597417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f93fc439e59d4d46a59f178a2e4fb9ec","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f93fc439e59d4d46a59f178a2e4fb9ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Medicina, Vol 62, Iss 1, p 132 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12843032","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12843032/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Medicina (Kaunas)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62010132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010132","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/62/1/132/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4137705862522125}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119476300.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7119476300.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69092498","https://openalex.org/W1507364611","https://openalex.org/W2105125376","https://openalex.org/W2132704476","https://openalex.org/W2137876795","https://openalex.org/W2140039301","https://openalex.org/W2163710303","https://openalex.org/W2594086701","https://openalex.org/W2759628183","https://openalex.org/W2810900739","https://openalex.org/W2891822635","https://openalex.org/W2944722758","https://openalex.org/W3014056663","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3135871609","https://openalex.org/W3136432160","https://openalex.org/W3193150046","https://openalex.org/W3208101292","https://openalex.org/W4211203867","https://openalex.org/W4220720277","https://openalex.org/W4220985055","https://openalex.org/W4293224403","https://openalex.org/W4312129109","https://openalex.org/W4361277983","https://openalex.org/W4379768959","https://openalex.org/W4385619725","https://openalex.org/W4391691761","https://openalex.org/W4392378366","https://openalex.org/W4393128746","https://openalex.org/W4394980361","https://openalex.org/W4395098280","https://openalex.org/W4399150260","https://openalex.org/W4399155657","https://openalex.org/W4402065998","https://openalex.org/W4402582090","https://openalex.org/W4402668937","https://openalex.org/W4402813550","https://openalex.org/W4403395248","https://openalex.org/W4404136186","https://openalex.org/W4406627859","https://openalex.org/W4406778122","https://openalex.org/W4407677391","https://openalex.org/W4407974189","https://openalex.org/W4409118599","https://openalex.org/W4410411396","https://openalex.org/W4411001622","https://openalex.org/W4411277743","https://openalex.org/W4411997354","https://openalex.org/W4412520378","https://openalex.org/W4415608456","https://openalex.org/W4415982112"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,7,18,25,44,55,66,85,103,108,124,143,160,175,217,232,246,286,306,314,336],"Objectives:":[2],"Obesity,":[3],"heart":[4,52],"failure":[5],"(HF),":[6],"atherosclerosis":[8,159,219],"have":[9],"common":[10,49],"pathways,":[11],"including":[12],"chronic":[13,241],"inflammation,":[14,41],"immune":[15],"cells":[16],"activation,":[17],"metabolic":[19,45,239,307],"disturbances.":[20],"These":[21],"pathways":[22,50],"often":[23],"coexist":[24],"overlap,":[26],"increasing":[27],"cardiometabolic":[28,121],"risk.":[29],"Growth":[30],"differentiation":[31],"factor":[32],"15":[33],"(GDF-15)":[34],"is":[35,93],"an":[36,116],"emerging":[37],"cytokine":[38],"linked":[39],"to":[40,94,109,195,328],"oxidative":[42],"stress,":[43],"dysregulation,":[46],"which":[47,211],"are":[48,326],"between":[51,101,155,215],"failure,":[53],"obesity":[54],"atherosclerosis.":[56,316],"Beyond":[57],"its":[58,321,330],"established":[59],"prognostic":[60,322],"value":[61],"in":[62,83,169,283,333],"cardiovascular":[63,338],"diseases":[64],"(CVD)":[65],"HF,":[67],"recent":[68],"evidence":[69,97,298],"suggests":[70],"that":[71,255],"GDF-15":[72,102,112,161,216,256,300],"may":[73,113],"also":[74],"reflect":[75],"subclinical":[76,106,158,218,315],"atherosclerosis,":[77,107],"potentially":[78],"improving":[79],"early":[80],"risk":[81,184],"stratification":[82],"obese":[84],"HF":[86,313],"populations.":[87],"The":[88,206],"aim":[89],"of":[90,105,145,157,185,198,251,293],"this":[91],"review":[92,130,207],"synthesize":[95],"current":[96,318],"on":[98,138],"the":[99,153,165,178,183,188,196,213,252,294],"association":[100,214],"markers":[104,156],"evaluate":[110],"whether":[111],"serve":[114],"as":[115,222,274,301],"integrative":[117],"biomarker":[118,303],"reflecting":[119],"shared":[120],"pathways.":[122],"Materials":[123],"Methods:":[125],"We":[126,163,181],"conducted":[127],"a":[128,200,302],"systematic":[129],"following":[131],"PRISMA":[132],"recommendations":[133],"registered":[134],"by":[135,269],"CRD420251267457":[136],"number":[137],"PROSPERO.":[139],"PubMed,":[140],"Embase,":[141],"Scopus,":[142],"Web":[144],"Science":[146],"were":[147,258,266],"searched":[148],"for":[149,289],"human":[150,173],"studies":[151,166,253,325],"evaluating":[152],"correlation":[154],"concentration.":[162],"excluded":[164],"not":[167,171,176],"published":[168],"English,":[170],"involving":[172],"participants,":[174],"meeting":[177],"inclusion":[179],"criteria.":[180],"assessed":[182],"bias":[186],"using":[187],"Joanna":[189],"Briggs":[190],"Institute":[191],"appraisal":[192],"tool.":[193],"Due":[194],"heterogeneity":[197],"studies,":[199,210],"narrative":[201],"synthesis":[202],"was":[203],"performed.":[204],"Result:":[205],"included":[208,236],"18":[209],"evaluated":[212],"markers,":[220],"such":[221,273],"intima":[223],"media":[224],"thickness,":[225],"coronary":[226],"artery":[227],"calcium":[228],"score,":[229],"ankle-brachial":[230],"index,":[231],"atherosclerotic":[233,262],"plaques.":[234],"Studies":[235],"patients":[237],"with":[238,260],"disorders,":[240],"inflammatory":[242,305],"diseases,":[243],"HIV":[244],"cohorts,":[245],"general":[247],"population":[248],"samples.":[249],"Most":[250],"reported":[254],"levels":[257],"associated":[259],"greater":[261],"burden;":[263],"however,":[264],"results":[265],"frequently":[267],"influenced":[268],"confounders.":[270],"Methodological":[271],"limitations,":[272],"limited":[275],"or":[276],"highly":[277],"specified":[278],"samples,":[279],"cross-sectional":[280],"designs,":[281],"variability":[282],"atherosclerotic-imaging":[284],"technique,":[285],"inconsistent":[287],"adjustment":[288],"confounders,":[290],"restrict":[291],"generalization":[292],"results.":[295],"Conclusions:":[296],"Current":[297],"supports":[299,320],"integrating":[304],"stress":[308],"signals,":[309],"indirectly":[310],"linking":[311],"obesity,":[312],"While":[317],"data":[319],"relevance,":[323],"further":[324],"needed":[327],"confirm":[329],"clinical":[331],"utility":[332],"routine":[334],"assessment":[335],"preventive":[337],"care.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2026-01-09T00:00:00"}