{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118348352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423","title":"State\u2010Dependence of Polar Amplification in an Idealized GCM","display_name":"State\u2010Dependence of Polar Amplification in an Idealized GCM","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118348352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025gl118423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL118423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL118423","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrew I. L. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-5075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-5075"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150209017","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/04v7hvq31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew I. L. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Princeton University  Princeton NJ USA","Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-5075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Princeton University  Princeton NJ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028630924","display_name":"Timothy M. Merlis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-8210","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-8210"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy M. Merlis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Princeton University  Princeton NJ USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-8210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Princeton University  Princeton NJ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I20089843","https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01464224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar-amplification","display_name":"polar amplification","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-dependence","display_name":"state dependence","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idealized-general-circulation-model","display_name":"idealized general circulation model","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moist-thermodynamics","display_name":"moist thermodynamics","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-heat-transfer","display_name":"latent heat transfer","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-albedo-feedback","display_name":"ice-albedo feedback","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longwave-radiative-forcing","display_name":"longwave radiative forcing","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meridional-temperature-gradient","display_name":"meridional temperature gradient","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-mean-surface-temperature","display_name":"global mean temperature","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar-cap","display_name":"polar cap","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleoclimate","display_name":"paleoclimate","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-projections","display_name":"climate change projections","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6772000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779155178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082861","display_name":"Longwave","level":3,"score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29705727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294562","display_name":"Polar","level":2,"score":0.5597000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15908118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2997395","display_name":"Radiative cooling","level":2,"score":0.5313000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33683781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191069","display_name":"Paleoclimatology","level":3,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143742823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5513004","display_name":"GCM transcription factors","level":4,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994067962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509184","display_name":"Climate system","level":3,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150284090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2615451","display_name":"Atmospheric circulation","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123010829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2381018","display_name":"Zonal and meridional","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58024561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207721","display_name":"Latent heat","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123750103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12599","display_name":"Ice sheet","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780723968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2999493","display_name":"Outgoing longwave radiation","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54464151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521783","display_name":"Climate sensitivity","level":4,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025gl118423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL118423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c496c238da8b4b59aa82b556b870a2a6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c496c238da8b4b59aa82b556b870a2a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 53, Iss 1, Pp n/a-n/a (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025gl118423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118423","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GL118423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8308826088905334,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6267369258","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PHY\u20102309135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7002119356","display_name":"Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics","funder_award_id":"2309135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337427","display_name":"Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118348352.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7118348352.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978485637","https://openalex.org/W1978626005","https://openalex.org/W2032508161","https://openalex.org/W2055478960","https://openalex.org/W2070472423","https://openalex.org/W2083339292","https://openalex.org/W2101239795","https://openalex.org/W2112214061","https://openalex.org/W2118935280","https://openalex.org/W2124353980","https://openalex.org/W2124783839","https://openalex.org/W2129069316","https://openalex.org/W2147243326","https://openalex.org/W2157628496","https://openalex.org/W2159081561","https://openalex.org/W2290343924","https://openalex.org/W2737861628","https://openalex.org/W2888056266","https://openalex.org/W2940443258","https://openalex.org/W3161322417","https://openalex.org/W3195808224","https://openalex.org/W3200034439","https://openalex.org/W4210975811","https://openalex.org/W4290190693","https://openalex.org/W4387730493","https://openalex.org/W4402625647","https://openalex.org/W6967965524"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Polar":[1],"amplification":[2],"(PA)":[3],"is":[4,19,84],"a":[5,39,54,86,93],"robust":[6],"feature":[7],"of":[8,36,42,57,82,88,95,119],"contemporary":[9],"climate":[10,17,43,58],"change,":[11],"but":[12],"its":[13],"state\u2010dependence":[14,35,81],"across":[15,38],"different":[16,61],"conditions":[18],"poorly":[20],"understood":[21],"despite":[22],"potential":[23],"relevance":[24],"to":[25],"paleoclimate":[26],"records":[27],"and":[28,65,111],"future":[29],"projections.":[30],"Here":[31],"we":[32],"examine":[33],"the":[34,80,121,129,135],"PA":[37,83,103,125],"wide":[40],"range":[41],"states":[44,59],"in":[45,104,126],"an":[46],"idealized":[47],"moist":[48,96],"general":[49],"circulation":[50],"model.":[51],"We":[52,77],"generate":[53],"phase":[55],"space":[56],"with":[60,73,106],"global\u2010mean":[62,108],"surface":[63,67,109,114],"temperatures":[64,110],"equator\u2010to\u2010pole":[66],"temperature":[68,115],"contrasts":[69],"then":[70],"perturb":[71],"each":[72],"longwave":[74],"radiative":[75],"forcing.":[76],"find":[78],"that":[79],"largely":[85],"superposition":[87],"two":[89],"effects.":[90],"Firstly,":[91],"as":[92],"consequence":[94],"thermodynamics,":[97],"latent":[98],"energy":[99],"transport":[100],"drives":[101],"stronger":[102,112],"climates":[105,127],"higher":[107],"meridional":[113],"gradients.":[116],"On":[117],"top":[118],"this,":[120],"ice\u2010albedo":[122],"feedback":[123],"amplifies":[124],"where":[128],"climatological":[130],"ice":[131],"edge":[132],"sits":[133],"within":[134],"polar":[136],"cap.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"}
