{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118190850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","title":"Altered gut microbiome function in ADHD: More Prevotella, less vitamin B12 biosynthesis, and beneficial modulation by synbiotic treatment","display_name":"Altered gut microbiome function in ADHD: More Prevotella, less vitamin B12 biosynthesis, and beneficial modulation by synbiotic treatment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118190850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41500324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102243518","display_name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity","issn_l":"0889-1591","issn":["0889-1591","1090-2139"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044312039","display_name":"Miranda Stiernborg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-021X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-021X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miranda Stiernborg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835","https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035452990","display_name":"Liu L. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-6295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-6295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu L. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835","https://openalex.org/I28166907","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039101761","display_name":"Elin Skott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elin Skott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835","https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081069010","display_name":"MaiBritt Giacobini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-3137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-3137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MaiBritt Giacobini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017901760","display_name":"Philippe A. Melas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-9250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-9250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philippe A. Melas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835","https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087710431","display_name":"Justine W. Debelius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-3546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-3546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justine W Debelius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075919129","display_name":"Catharina Lavebratt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4987-2718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4987-2718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catharina Lavebratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: catharina.lavebratt@ki.se"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4987-2718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: catharina.lavebratt@ki.se","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835","https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5680},"apc_paid":{"value":5680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5680},"fwci":9.6931,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97904464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"133","issue":null,"first_page":"106259","last_page":"106259"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10066","display_name":"Gut microbiota and health","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10066","display_name":"Gut microbiota and health","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10365","display_name":"Gastrointestinal motility and disorders","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychostimulants","display_name":"psychostimulants","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevotella","display_name":"Prevotella","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-b12-biosynthesis","display_name":"vitamin B12 biosynthesis","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-chain-fatty-acids","display_name":"short-chain fatty acids","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonic-transit-time","display_name":"colonic transit time","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fecal-consistency","display_name":"stool consistency","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactic-acid-bacteria","display_name":"lactic acid bacteria","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-fiber","display_name":"dietary fiber","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fecal-microbiota","display_name":"fecal microbiota","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-and-adults","display_name":"children and adults","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propionic-acid","display_name":"propionic acid","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbiota-diversity","display_name":"microbiome diversity","score":0.6110000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61716771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496","display_name":"Feces","level":2,"score":0.786300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.7487000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777385719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061265","display_name":"Bacteroidetes","level":4,"score":0.59579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5873000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539455810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut flora","level":2,"score":0.5220999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779750884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187706","display_name":"Vitamin B12","level":2,"score":0.4964999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778391849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079090","display_name":"Neurotypical","level":4,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776940978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956","display_name":"Vitamin","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779676784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130999","display_name":"Proteobacteria","level":4,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77077793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336019","display_name":"Abundance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780206646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061596","display_name":"Lactobacillus","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780305828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132656","display_name":"Bifidobacterium","level":4,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776229602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698455","display_name":"Short-chain fatty acid","level":4,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777695942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149075","display_name":"Firmicutes","level":4,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124490489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936963","display_name":"Vitamin D and neurology","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15020908","display_name":"Akkermansia muciniphila","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779337445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375654","display_name":"Synbiotics","level":4,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122325731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3738459","display_name":"Relative species abundance","level":3,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778345441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735","display_name":"Meal","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019978661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut microbiome","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15151743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903778","display_name":"Metagenomics","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000697","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005232","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Volatile","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005232","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Volatile","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005232","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Volatile","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005232","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Volatile","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005232","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Volatile","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005232","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Volatile","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014805","descriptor_name":"Vitamin B 12","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018720","descriptor_name":"Prevotella","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018720","descriptor_name":"Prevotella","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018720","descriptor_name":"Prevotella","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018720","descriptor_name":"Prevotella","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018720","descriptor_name":"Prevotella","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018720","descriptor_name":"Prevotella","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058616","descriptor_name":"Synbiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058616","descriptor_name":"Synbiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058616","descriptor_name":"Synbiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058616","descriptor_name":"Synbiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058616","descriptor_name":"Synbiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058616","descriptor_name":"Synbiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102243518","display_name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity","issn_l":"0889-1591","issn":["0889-1591","1090-2139"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41500324","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41500324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain, behavior, and immunity","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102243518","display_name":"Brain Behavior and Immunity","issn_l":"0889-1591","issn":["0889-1591","1090-2139"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1310407267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS2021-0855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322315","funder_display_name":"Karolinska Institutet"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G288537215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FO2024\u20100194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322168","funder_display_name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3561548301","display_name":"ADHD medication and vascular inflammation in children","funder_award_id":"2022-01188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5848623640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS2023-0859","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322315","funder_display_name":"Karolinska Institutet"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8146521796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FO2025-0276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322168","funder_display_name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322168","display_name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","ror":"https://ror.org/014btj409"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322315","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322570","display_name":"Stockholms L\u00e4ns Landsting","ror":"https://ror.org/02zrae794"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1983030849","https://openalex.org/W1989496014","https://openalex.org/W2018931571","https://openalex.org/W2020006801","https://openalex.org/W2056279562","https://openalex.org/W2058716454","https://openalex.org/W2080343401","https://openalex.org/W2080898121","https://openalex.org/W2086697405","https://openalex.org/W2110615030","https://openalex.org/W2133275312","https://openalex.org/W2143556273","https://openalex.org/W2143756734","https://openalex.org/W2151798187","https://openalex.org/W2153832854","https://openalex.org/W2156602527","https://openalex.org/W2191649327","https://openalex.org/W2226061480","https://openalex.org/W2260859913","https://openalex.org/W2508203511","https://openalex.org/W2596058654","https://openalex.org/W2618503740","https://openalex.org/W2751205196","https://openalex.org/W2793340652","https://openalex.org/W2901934888","https://openalex.org/W2914216819","https://openalex.org/W2914657434","https://openalex.org/W2931011504","https://openalex.org/W2945279282","https://openalex.org/W2946372752","https://openalex.org/W2963276645","https://openalex.org/W3005470015","https://openalex.org/W3014406578","https://openalex.org/W3032959586","https://openalex.org/W3035975458","https://openalex.org/W3123755715","https://openalex.org/W3132401436","https://openalex.org/W3181011075","https://openalex.org/W3202440021","https://openalex.org/W3211656792","https://openalex.org/W4210997646","https://openalex.org/W4214769845","https://openalex.org/W4225566784","https://openalex.org/W4281684729","https://openalex.org/W4297347635","https://openalex.org/W4309828199","https://openalex.org/W4323313105","https://openalex.org/W4327921877","https://openalex.org/W4389042723","https://openalex.org/W4390502471","https://openalex.org/W4391944604","https://openalex.org/W4392520098","https://openalex.org/W4399655516","https://openalex.org/W4399696888","https://openalex.org/W4400653921","https://openalex.org/W4405616196"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,131,208,307],"effect":[1,261],"of":[2,93,111,171,186,196,272,279,309,313,341,361,367],"psychostimulant":[3,321],"medication":[4],"in":[5,31,59,97,126,234,248,250,289,300,318,364],"ADHD":[6,60,165,303],"on":[7,36,53,117,124,180,205,262,320],"the":[8,37,48,189,197,251,269,273,290,310,314,324,337,342,358,365],"gut":[9,38,325],"microbiome":[10,39,68,133,344,362],"remains":[11],"unknown.":[12],"Oral":[13],"Synbiotic":[14,72,94,225,252,274,291,334],"2000,":[15],"comprising":[16],"multiple":[17],"lactic":[18],"acid":[19,281,284],"bacteria":[20],"and":[21,27,55,62,65,83,99,115,128,140,144,155,264,282,327,339,345],"dietary":[22],"fibers,":[23],"reduces":[24],"psychiatric":[25],"symptoms":[26],"plasma":[28,347],"immune":[29],"markers":[30],"ADHD,":[32],"but":[33],"its":[34],"impact":[35],"is":[40,354],"unexplored.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43,47],"aimed":[44],"to":[45,71,109,121,175,245,305,331,356],"(i)":[46],"fecal":[49,132,343],"bacterial":[50,56],"microbiome,":[51],"focusing":[52],"species":[54,173,187,296],"gene":[57],"modules,":[58],"patients":[61,116,166],"neurotypical":[63],"controls,":[64,114],"(ii)":[66],"examine":[67],"changes":[69],"attributable":[70],"2000.":[73],"Fecal":[74],"samples":[75,106],"were":[76,107,119,160,297],"collected":[77],"from":[78,88,188],"147":[79],"participants":[80],"at":[81,86],"baseline,":[82,104,163],"106":[84],"completers":[85],"follow-up":[87],"a":[89,183,193,215,220,258],"randomized":[90],"placebo-controlled":[91],"trial":[92],"2000":[95,226,275,335],"conducted":[96],"children":[98,129,319],"adults":[100,127,235,301],"with":[101,214,302],"ADHD.":[102,368],"At":[103,162],"adult":[105,113,164],"compared":[108,120,174,304],"those":[110,122,179,203],"52":[112],"psychostimulants":[118,125,181],"not":[123,204,228,267],"separately.":[130],"was":[134,212,243,257],"sequenced":[135],"using":[136,147],"shallow":[137],"shotgun":[138],"sequencing":[139],"analyzed":[141],"for":[142,323],"diversity":[143],"differential":[145],"abundance":[146,185,195,211,271,312],"machine":[148],"learning.":[149],"Plasma":[150,277],"short-chain":[151],"fatty":[152],"acids":[153],"(SCFAs)":[154],"serum":[156],"vitamin":[157,198,315],"B12":[158],"levels":[159,278,288,349],"measured.":[161],"had":[167],"significantly":[168],"different":[169],"abundances":[170],"four":[172],"controls.":[176,306],"In":[177,293],"children,":[178],"exhibited":[182],"higher":[184],"genus":[190],"Prevotella,":[191],"alongside":[192],"lower":[194,209,311],"B12-synthesis":[199,316],"module,":[200,317],"M00122,":[201],"than":[202],"such":[206],"medication.":[207],"M00122":[210],"associated":[213],"looser":[216,239],"stool":[217,241],"consistency,":[218],"implicating":[219],"shorter":[221],"colonic":[222],"transit":[223],"time.":[224,255],"did":[227],"affect":[229],"taxonomic":[230,263],"or":[231,236],"functional":[232,265],"\u03b1-diversity":[233],"children.":[237],"However,":[238],"baseline":[240],"consistency":[242],"linked":[244],"greater":[246],"increases":[247],"evenness":[249],"group":[253],"over":[254],"There":[256],"significant":[259],"Synbiotic-specific":[260],"\u03b2-diversity,":[266],"only":[268],"increased":[270,285,346],"species.":[276],"formic":[280],"propionic":[283],"towards":[286,350],"control":[287],"group.":[292],"conclusion,":[294],"distinct":[295],"differently":[298],"abundant":[299],"implications":[308,360],"medication,":[322],"ecosystem":[326],"host":[328],"intestine":[329],"remain":[330],"be":[332],"elucidated.":[333],"influenced":[336],"taxonomy":[338],"functionality":[340],"SCFA":[348],"normal.":[351],"Further":[352],"research":[353],"warranted":[355],"explore":[357],"clinical":[359],"modulation":[363],"treatment":[366]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00"}