{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117136604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","title":"Motivation as a Driver of Engagement in Augmented-Reality Learning in Primary Schools","display_name":"Motivation as a Driver of Engagement in Augmented-Reality Learning in Primary Schools","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117136604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230434","display_name":"TechTrends","issn_l":"1559-7075","issn":["1559-7075","8756-3894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TechTrends","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015063069","display_name":"Stavros A. Nikou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-2125","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-2125"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stavros A. Nikou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Strathclyde Institute of Education, University of Strathclyde, 141 St James Road, Glasgow, G4 0LT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-2125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Strathclyde Institute of Education, University of Strathclyde, 141 St James Road, Glasgow, G4 0LT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015063069"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.3746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64189482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"2","first_page":"398","last_page":"410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13412","display_name":"Education and Technology Integration","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"augmented reality","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"student engagement","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivation","display_name":"motivation","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arcs-model","display_name":"ARCS model","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention","display_name":"attention","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"relevance","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence","display_name":"confidence","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satisfaction","display_name":"satisfaction","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersive-learning","display_name":"immersive learning","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-learners","display_name":"young learners","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"educational technology","score":0.4729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6895999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206705377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5575184","display_name":"Goal theory","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146854351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433910","display_name":"Self-determination theory","level":3,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985564149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644302","display_name":"Intrinsic motivation","level":2,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156393514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800","display_name":"Multimethodology","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019723476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Electronic learning","level":3,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018311702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362435","display_name":"Motivation to learn","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76188268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783165","display_name":"Context effect","level":3,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776933062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861413","display_name":"Mastery learning","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10050518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085","display_name":"Primary education","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230434","display_name":"TechTrends","issn_l":"1559-7075","issn":["1559-7075","8756-3894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TechTrends","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11528-025-01157-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230434","display_name":"TechTrends","issn_l":"1559-7075","issn":["1559-7075","8756-3894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TechTrends","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7888230681419373}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117136604.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117136604.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17686987","https://openalex.org/W53316064","https://openalex.org/W80656240","https://openalex.org/W1989743643","https://openalex.org/W2018176383","https://openalex.org/W2056569531","https://openalex.org/W2062328201","https://openalex.org/W2122534729","https://openalex.org/W2130979995","https://openalex.org/W2133674686","https://openalex.org/W2148723307","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2256824667","https://openalex.org/W2298401584","https://openalex.org/W2548681905","https://openalex.org/W2560743495","https://openalex.org/W2794495222","https://openalex.org/W2804522430","https://openalex.org/W2807927925","https://openalex.org/W2895407095","https://openalex.org/W2900652735","https://openalex.org/W2912208179","https://openalex.org/W2946942777","https://openalex.org/W3012528022","https://openalex.org/W3030462996","https://openalex.org/W3117448124","https://openalex.org/W3175355589","https://openalex.org/W3182586552","https://openalex.org/W3184975368","https://openalex.org/W3208090461","https://openalex.org/W3211576575","https://openalex.org/W4214727690","https://openalex.org/W4236026005","https://openalex.org/W4241377022","https://openalex.org/W4280533453","https://openalex.org/W4281617568","https://openalex.org/W4295528190","https://openalex.org/W4313361483","https://openalex.org/W4317597439","https://openalex.org/W4362577889","https://openalex.org/W4378639249","https://openalex.org/W4386093609","https://openalex.org/W4390863507","https://openalex.org/W4390954073","https://openalex.org/W4396771991","https://openalex.org/W4403339693","https://openalex.org/W4407746362","https://openalex.org/W4410329414","https://openalex.org/W4410480373","https://openalex.org/W4413798298"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"There":[1],"is":[2,32],"growing":[3],"evidence":[4],"that":[5,15],"immersive":[6],"learning":[7,90,172],"can":[8,148,161],"enhance":[9],"motivation":[10,157],"and":[11,41,59,118,158,169],"engagement.":[12,145,159],"However,":[13],"research":[14],"explores":[16],"how":[17,139],"motivational":[18,50,113,141],"states":[19],"are":[20],"transformed":[21],"into":[22],"engagement,":[23],"especially":[24],"within":[25],"the":[26,48,53,94,104,130,154],"context":[27],"of":[28,47,52,88,103,111,115,129,138],"Augmented":[29],"Reality":[30],"(AR)":[31],"rather":[33],"underdeveloped.":[34],"The":[35,61,125],"current":[36],"study":[37,62],"aims":[38],"at":[39],"predicting":[40],"explaining":[42],"student":[43],"engagement":[44,108],"in":[45,85,93,106,109,165],"terms":[46,110],"four":[49,80],"dimensions":[51,142],"ARCS,":[54],"namely":[55],"attention,":[56,116],"relevance,":[57,117],"confidence":[58],"satisfaction.":[60],"used":[63],"an":[64,70],"explanatory":[65],"mixed":[66],"methods":[67],"design":[68],"comprising":[69],"online":[71],"survey":[72],"followed":[73],"by":[74],"semi-structured":[75],"interviews.":[76],"106":[77],"pupils":[78],"from":[79],"Scottish":[81],"primary":[82],"schools":[83],"participated":[84],"a":[86,121,134],"series":[87],"AR-supported":[89,171],"activities":[91],"embedded":[92],"classroom":[95],"curriculum.":[96],"Partial":[97],"Least-Squares":[98],"analysis":[99,128,137],"explained":[100],"approximately":[101],"55%":[102],"variance":[105],"pupil":[107],"their":[112],"levels":[114],"satisfaction,":[119],"demonstrating":[120],"moderate-to-strong":[122],"predictive":[123],"capability.":[124],"followed-up":[126],"qualitative":[127],"structured":[131],"interviews":[132],"provided":[133],"more":[135,167],"in-depth":[136],"ARCS":[140],"influence":[143],"pupils\u2019":[144],"Study":[146],"findings":[147],"help":[149,163],"researchers":[150],"to":[151],"better":[152],"understand":[153],"dynamics":[155],"linking":[156],"It":[160],"also":[162],"practitioners":[164],"designing":[166],"engaging":[168],"impactful":[170],"activities,":[173],"targeting":[174],"young":[175],"learners.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2025-12-24T00:00:00"}